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Akseleracijos ekstazė: kapitalo problema Nicko Lando filosofijoje
Full text link In this article, the anti-anthropocentric philosophy of Nick Land is discussed from the perspective of the concept of capital – capital becomes a philosophical problem. The origin of Land’s conception of capital as artificial intelligence alien to humanity is traced from the theory of libidinal materialism, the transcendental philosophy of Kant, and also from the historical and cultural background. The ideas of Deleuze and Guattari let Land think of capital as machinically and cybernetically accelerating techno-capital – Land’s intense relation to the process of acceleration is defined here as ecstasy. Also, the problematic interpretation of Deleuze and Guattari is noted, the processes of automatisation and autonomisation are considered, and Land’s teleological vision of technological singularity is criticised, especially from the point of the threats of the climate crisis. Here is shown that the philosophy of Land affectively follows the relevant and important tendencies of capitalism, but suffers from some inner contradictions and paradoxes, according to which we can reasonably doubt the philosopher’s ecstatic celebration of the abyss between capital and human subjectivity.Straipsnyje į antiantropocentristinę Nicko Lando filosofiją žvelgiama iš kapitalo sąvokos perspektyvos: kapitalas tampa filosofine problema. Aptariant libidinio materializmo teoriją, transcendentalinę Kanto filosofiją ir istorines bei kultūrines realijas, atsekama Lando kapitalo, kaip žmogui svetimo dirbtinio intelekto, sampratos kilmė. Deleuze’o ir Guattari idėjos leidžia Landui kapitalą mąstyti kaip mašiniškai ir kibernetiškai akseleruojantį technokapitalą – intensyvus Lando santykis su šiuo reiškiniu straipsnyje apibrėžiamas kaip ekstazė. Taip pat pažymima problemiška Deleuze’o ir Guattari interpretacija, svarstomi kapitalo automatizacijos ir autonomizacijos procesai bei kritikuojama teleologinė Lando technologinio singuliariumo vizija, šią priešpriešinant klimato krizės grėsmėms. Parodoma, kad Lando filosofija įtaigiai seka aktualiomis ir svarbiomis kapitalizmo tendencijomis, bet neišvengia vidinių prieštarų ir paradoksų, dėl kurių galima pagrįstai suabejoti filosofo ekstatiškai švenčiamu kapitalo atotrūkiu nuo žmogaus subjektyvumo
Mirties varos teorija kaip spekuliatyviosios filosofijos modelis: Landas, Brassieras, Negarestani ir Bataille’us
Full text linkThis paper deals with Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of the death drive from the perspective of speculative philosophy. For this purpose, three philosophers have been chosen: Nick Land, Ray Brassier, and Reza Negarestani. I claim that they gradually radicalised the Freudian thought: Land expanded it to capitalist economy and terrestrial geotrauma; Brassier shifted it towards a solar catastrophe and the prospect of extinction; Negarestani incorporated it into the exteriority of cosmic contingency. This way, Freud’s legacy emerges as a transcendental, epistemological and speculative instrument to tackle Meillassoux’s problem of correlation. I consider why this trajectory has ceased: I suggest a hypothesis that Bataille’s influence has not been overcome, especially in the case of Negarestani. I offer several vectors, according to which, Bataille could serve as an opportunity for openness to the Outside and a chance to continue the trajectory of the speculative death drive. I suggest that it is possible to reconsider Bataille as one of the precursors to the contemporary speculative thought.Straipsnyje nagrinėju psichoanalitinę Freudo mirties varos teoriją iš spekuliatyviosios filosofijos perspektyvos. Tam pasirenku tris filosofus: Nicką Landą, Ray Brassierą ir Reza Negarestani. Teigiu, kad jie laipsniškai radikalizuoja Freudo teorijas: Landas jas išplečia iki kapitalizmo ekonomikos ir žemiškos geotraumos, Brassieras nuveda iki Saulės katastrofos ir išnykimo grėsmės, o Negarestani įtraukia kosminio eksterioriškumo kontingenciją. Šitaip Freudo palikimas atsiskleidžia kaip transcendentalinis, epistemologinis ir spekuliatyvus įrankis spręsti Meillassoux įvardytą koreliacijos problemą. Keliu hipotezę: ši trajektorija nutrūko dėl to, kad liko neįveikta Bataille’aus įtaka, ypač Negarestani atveju. Apžvelgęs Bataille’aus įtaką Landui, Brassierui ir Negarestani, siūlau idėjines kryptis, kurioms Bataille’us galėtų pasitarnauti kaip galimybė tolesnei mąstymo atverčiai ir šansas tęsti mirties varos teorijos spekuliatyvizacijos trajektoriją. Teigiu, kad prasminga Bataille’ų apskritai permąstyti kaip vieną iš šiuolaikinės spekuliatyviosios filosofijos pirmtakų
The Concept of Sovereignty in the Philosophy of Georges Bataille
Full text linkThe article considers Georges Bataille’s concept of sovereignty. It argues that Bataille’s concept of sovereignty covers three principal domains: materialist (economic), transcendental (epistemological), and temporal. Here, Bataille’s sovereignty is defined as anti-servile, anti-utilitarian and anti-rationalist. Also, Bataille’s sovereignty is described as egalitarian, rebellious and based on useless and nonproductive consumption. Bataille’s temporal sovereignty is defined as presentism. The article proposes the notions of acephalous sovereignty and political atheology. Finally, the research reveals that Bataille’s concept of sovereignty is more economic than political. This is what makes it original and distinguishes it from other theories of sovereignty
The Concept of Sovereignty in the Philosophy of Georges Bataille
No full textThe article considers Georges Bataille’s concept of sovereignty. It argues that Bataille’s concept of sovereignty covers three principal domains: materialist (economic), transcendental (epistemological), and temporal. Here, Bataille’s sovereignty is defined as anti-servile, anti-utilitarian and anti-rationalist. Also, Bataille’s sovereignty is described as egalitarian, rebellious and based on useless and nonproductive consumption. Bataille’s temporal sovereignty is defined as presentism. The article proposes the notions of acephalous sovereignty and political atheology. Finally, the research reveals that Bataille’s concept of sovereignty is more economic than political. This is what makes it original and distinguishes it from other theories of sovereignty
Hauntology and the concept of the future: temporal problem of the political and cultural imagination
No full textXXI a. atvėrė nemažai laikiškųjų simptomų, skatinančių radikaliai permąstyti ne tik dabarties padėtį bei ateities perspektyvas, bet ir iš naujo aktualizuoti kai kuriuos istorinius praeities taškus ir atkarpas, kaip labai svarbius šiandienos svarstymui. Laiko dimensijų persiklojimai tampa vis svarbesni, siekiant demarkuoti praeities įtaką ne tik tam, kuo gyvename esamuoju laiku, bet ir tam, kaip galime suvokti, įsivaizduoti ir apskritai pamąstyti ateities įmanomybę.
Šiuolaikinė filosofija siūlo hauntologijos sąvoką ir temporalias šmėklas, persekiojančias istoriją, būtį ir atmintį, bet taip pat atsinešančias neišpildytus potencialus ir trajektoriją į ateitį. Čia individualus ir kolektyvinis ontologinis lygmuo siejasi su epistemologiniu – kiek erdvės lieka politinei sąmonei ir veikimui? Nors ir esamoji estetizuota neoliberalizmo ideologija stengiasi palaikyti darnaus gyvenimo ir šviesios ateities vaizdinius, pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais vis akivaizdžiau regimi kintantys afektyvaus būvio turiniai, virstantys įvairialypės krizės, pabaigos anticipacijos, žlugimo ir apokalipsės grėsmės horizontais.
Panašu, kad imama artėti prie tam tikrų ribinių intensyvumų, sukeliančių bifurkaciją į “viskas arba nieko” polius. Tai atsispindi tokiuose visuomeniniuose ir globaliuose procesuose, kaip ekonominis prekariškumas ir populiariosios kultūros produkcija, kuri vis dar operuoja pagal postmodernizmo parametrus. Greta viso to šmėkliškai vaidenasi emancipacijos ir sisteminio/struktūrinio pokyčio klausimas, kurį tampa vis sunkiau kelti įstrigus kapitalistinio realizmo, “istorijos pabaigos”, akseleruojančių technologinių inovacijų bei dialektikos tarp utopijos ir distopijos eroje. Ar dar liko vietos kvėpuoti bei veikti, ir ar pro šmėklas dar įmanoma kažką įžiūrėti?21st century has opened up some temporal symptoms, suggesting us to not only radically rethink the current situation and the possible perspectives of the future, but also reactualize particular historical periods and events, as very important for the today’s condition. The dimensions of time and their overlapping are getting more relevant and significant in order to demarcate the present and speculate how can we perceive and imagine the possibilitie(s) of the future.
Contemporary philosophy offers us the conception of hauntology and the temporal ghosts, haunting the history, existence and memory, but also bringing unrealized potentials and the trajectory to the future. The plane of individual and collective ontology interrelate with epistemology: how much of political consciousness and agency is left? Despite that aestheticized neoliberal ideology attempts to preserve the image of harmonious life and bright future, the recent decades has shown us some turnovers considering affective conditions, which escalate to diverse crises, anticipation of the End, and the horizons of the apocalyptic collapse.
It seems that we’re approaching to some sort of limiting intensities, causing the bifurcation to ‘all or nothing’ directions. It is reflected in the social and global processes like economical precarity and production of popculture, the latter still operating on the parameters of postmodernism. The question of emancipation and systemic/structural change haunts, but it’s getting harder to approach it, because we’re stuck in the era of capitalist realism, ‘end of history’, accelerating technological innovations, and dialectic between utopia and dystopia. Do we still have some space to breathe and act, and can we see something through the ghosts?Filosofijos katedra / Department of PhilosophyHumanitarinių mokslų fakultetas / Faculty of HumanitiesVytauto Didžiojo universitetas / Vytautas Magnus Universit
Ambivalence in the Concept of Libidinal Economy: Jean-François Lyotard against Samo Tomšič
No full textThis article examines the ambivalence in the concept of libidinal economy, which we identify in the philosophies of Jean-François Lyotard and Samo Tomšič; they both offer radically different conceptions of libidinal economy. Although emerging from very contrasting perspectives, both theories consider the relationship between desire, the unconscious, and the capitalist economy. After defining these two approaches, we compare them, while marking differences, similarities, influences, and sociopolitical presumptions. Also, we propose a few indicative concepts, which should help to contextualize the identity of the concept of libidinal economy. After critically discussing both theories, we suggest three paradoxes in Lyotard’s approach as well as some weaknesses in Tomšič’s project. It turns out that the concept of libidinal economy is a productive theoretical tool to explore the relationship between philosophy and psychoanalysis, as well as the split in the materialist tradition. Based on that, we claim that the ambivalence of the concept of libidinal economy is a part of much more complex philosophical-historical conflict
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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