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(62(1):40-56)Studies on Physiological Races of Magnaporthe oryzae, Causal Agent of Rice Blast, in Taiwan
No full text本研究於2011 年自苗栗、台中、彰化、南投、雲林、嘉義、台南、高雄及屏東等9 縣市共22 鄉鎮市，採集分離得到稻熱病菌 (Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch) 單孢菌株共114 株。利用噴霧接種法檢測114 株菌株對台灣稻熱病菌生理小種16 種水稻判別品種之致病性，接種7 d 後依據各水稻品種表現之感受性反應比對國內已發表之七個生理群、共78 個生理小種，結果發現有89 菌株分屬於六個生理群 (I、J、T、K、N 與A)，僅其中12 菌株可比對出前人已發表之3 個生理小種 (包括race 1、race 2 與race 17)；其餘25 菌株均屬新的生理群，占受測菌株的21.9%；唯本研究的測試結果未發現有屬於P 生理群的菌株存在。在已檢出的六個生理群菌株中，以K 生理群的35 菌株為最多，占30.7%，其次為I 生理群的29 菌株 (25.4%)，至於J 生理群僅檢出1 菌株。分析在不同栽培地區採集之稻熱病菌菌株生理型的分布情形，結果以苗栗地區檢出的六個生理群為最多，其次為彰化南投及雲林的五個生理群，台中、台南及屏東地區的四個生理群次之，顯示各水稻栽培地區之稻熱病菌菌株生理型呈現多樣性。此外，分析2011 年一、二期稻作稻熱病菌菌株生理群間的變化，發現台中、彰化南投及雲林地區主要的生理群並無太大改變，唯苗栗地區兩期作之稻熱病菌菌株間屬於完全不同的生理群。在水稻判別品種中，本土育成之 稻品種光復1 號僅對2 株檢測菌株 (HL2g2 與ct1e3) 呈現感病反應，而對其餘112 株檢測菌株則呈現明顯之抗病性，或可作為稻熱病抗病育種之材料。
The objective of this study was to determine races of 114 isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae collected from diseased leaves of rice (Oryza sativa) grown in Taiwan in 2011. Diseased rice leaves were collected from 22 townships, including Miaoli, Taichung, Changhua, Nantou, Yunlin, Chiayi, Tainan, Kaohsiung and Pingtung Counties and lesions of each sample were isolated and purified by the single-spore isolation method. Each of the 114 isolates of M. oryzae was inoculated by spray on 16 varieties of rice, which were used as differential varieties. Based on rating of susceptibility of the 16 rice varieties to the pathogen at 7 days after inoculation, the disease reaction on each variety was compared to the 7 physiological groups reported in Taiwan previously. Results showed that, among 114 isolates tested, 89 isolates (78.1%) belonged to the six physiological groups (I, J, T, K, N, and A), among them 12 isolates were corresponding to the three previously reported races (race 1, race 2 and race 17); whereas the remaining 25 isolates (21.9%) were not in any of the previously reported physiological groups. However, none of the isolates examined in this study belonged to the P physiological group. Among the 89 isolates belonging to the six previously reported physiological groups, 35 isolates (30.7%) were in the K physiological group (the predominant group of M. oryzae), 29 isolates (25.4%) were in the I physiological group, and one isolate was in the J physiological group. The diversity of distribution of physiological types of M. oryzae isolates was the highest in samples from the Miaoli County with all the six physiological groups identified, followed by samples from Changhua, Nantou and Yunlin Counties with five physiological groups identified, and samples from Taichung, Tainan, and Pingtung Counties with four physiological groups identified. These results indicate that populations of M. oryzae are diversified in different rice production areas in Taiwan. In addition, the major physiological groups of M. oryzae were largely unchanged between isolates collected from the first crop season and the second crop season in samples from Taichung, Changhua, Nantou and Yunlin Counties. However, the physiological groups of the isolates from the first crop season and the second season were completely different in samples from Miaoli County. Among the 16 differential varieties of rice, the local bred Japonica variety, Kwang-fu No.1, was susceptible only to two of M. oryzae isolates (isolate HL2g2 and isolate ct1e3) and it was highly resistant to the other 112 isolates examined. This result suggests that Kwang-fu No.1 has potential for use in rice breeding programs for the development of new varieties with resistance to rice blast
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Development of a Selective Medium for Detecting Ganoderma lucidum in Compost
No full text本研究主要目的在於研發靈芝菌的選擇性培養基，以便偵測廢棄的蕈菌生長基質調製成之堆肥或介質中是否仍有靈芝菌的存活。西元2009年，由嘉義取得的靈芝［Ganoderma lucidum （Leyss. ex Fr.）Karst.］太空包基質中分離GL1與GL3兩株靈芝菌菌株，進而評估七種真菌培養基、十種殺菌劑及兩種抗生素等對兩靈芝菌菌絲生長的影響，藉以研發靈芝菌的選擇性培養基。靈芝菌選擇性培養基（GLS）係利用10% V-8培養基作為基礎基質，並添加2 gL^(-1)腐絕（40% ai）、200 mg L^(-1)滅達樂（35% ai）、200 mg L^(-1)鏈黴素、200 mg L^(-1)氯黴素、1 mg L^(-1)五氯硝基苯（75% ai）、1.25 g L^(-1)單寧酸、10 mlL^(-1)酒精（95% v/v）及2 ml L^(-1)乳酸（85% v/v）配製而成。靈芝菌在GLS培養基生長2-3天可看到白色菌落，且於菌落周圍出現褐色反應。利用多重土丸取樣法分析含有不同靈芝接種源濃度之太空包木屑基質，結果顯示由台中及嘉義取得之靈芝太空包基質以無菌之太空包基質稀釋1000倍後，GLS培養基仍可偵測到G. lucidum的存活。本研究證明GLS培養基，除可自廢棄已久的太空包基質成功分離到靈芝菌外，尚可有效抑制其他雜菌的生長。
The purpose of this study was to develop a selective medium for detecting Ling-Chih, Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst. in compost. In 2009, two isolates GL1 and GL3 of G. lucidum acquired from a Chiayi mushroom cultivation field were used to conduct the research. GLS (Ganoderma lucidum selective) medium was developed by amendment of 10% V-8 vegetable juice agar (1 L) with 2 g thiabendazole (40% ai), 200 mg metalaxyl (35% ai), 200 mg streptomycin sulfate, 200 mg chloramphenicol, 1 mg PCNB (75% ai), 1.25 g tannic acid, 10 ml ethanol (95% v/v), and 2 ml lactic acid (85% v/v). The GLS medium rapidly detected G. lucidum in the compost within 2-3 days. Amendment of the medium with tannic acid induced G. lucidum to produce brown halo surrounding the colony as a selective feature. The multiple-pellet soil-sampler method was used to evaluate the sensitivity of GLS medium. The GLS medium was able to detect G. lucidum in the spent sawdust substrate which were 1000-fold diluted in disinfected sawdust substrate. This study concluded that the GLS medium could detect the survival of G. lucidum in the compost, and inhibit the growth of other fungi. Thus, GLS medium was recommended for manufacturers to determine if the compost is a suitable fertilizer
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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