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Law-Making Activity in the Case Law of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to reveal and examine law-making elements in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. It should be noted that the Constitutional Court has no direct powers to establish new legal norms under national legislation. However, in the process of constitutional interpretation, the case law of the Court demonstrates de facto the presence of law-making activity that leads to the extension of its discretionary power on the formation of law. The paper will focus on the analysis of the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine with regard to the ‘creative interpretation’ of law. A review of selected case law leads to a conclusion that the Constitutional Court often uses the dynamic interpretation of the Constitution. Moreover, the Court may change its own legal position in order to protect constitutional rights. Thus, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine has the right to ‘develop’ the law through evaluative interpretation of the Constitution. It can also be concluded that the Constitutional Court enjoys a wide ‘margin of appreciation’ in its interpreting of the Constitution.Метою даної статті є виявлення і дослідження нормотворчих елементів у судовій практиці Конституційного Суду України. Слід зазначити, що Конституційний Суд не має прямих повноважень встановлювати нові правові норми відповідно до національного законодавства. Однак в процесі тлумачення конституції прецедентне право Суду де-факто демонструє наявність нормотворчої діяльності, що призводить до розширення його дискреційних повноважень при формуванні права. Стаття присвячена аналізу практики Конституційного Суду України щодо «креативної інтерпретації» права. Огляд обраної судової практики приводить до висновку, що Конституційний Суд часто використовує динамічне тлумачення Конституції. Більш того, Суд може змінити свою правову позицію з метою захисту конституційних прав. Таким чином, Конституційний Суд України має право «розвивати» право шляхом еволюційного тлумачення Конституції. Можна також зробити висновок, що Конституційний Суд користується широкими «межами вільного розсуду» під час тлумачення Конституції.Целью данной статьи является выявление и исследование нормотворческих элементов в судебной практике Конституционного Суда Украины. Следует отметить, что Конституционный Суд не имеет прямых полномочий устанавливать новые правовые нормы в соответствии с национальным законодательством. Однако в процессе толкования конституции прецедентное право Суда де-факто демонстрирует наличие нормотворческой деятельности, что ведёт к расширению его дискреционных полномочий при формировании права. Статья посвящена анализу практики Конституционного Суда Украины в отношении «креативной интерпретации» права. Обзор избранной судебной практики приводит к выводу, что Конституционный Суд часто использует динамическое толкование Конституции. Более того, Суд может изменить свою правовую позицию в целях защиты конституционных прав. Таким образом, Конституционный Суд Украины имеет право «развивать» право путём эволюционного толкования Конституции. Можно также сделать вывод, что Конституционный Суд пользуется широкой «свободой усмотрения» при толковании Конституции
Principle of Non-Discrimination in the European Law
No full textGłównym celem artykułu jest zrekonstruowanie istoty i charakterystycznych cech zasa-dy niedyskryminacji w prawie europejskim, a mianowicie w prawie Rady Europy i prawie Unii Europejskiej (UE), orzecznictwie oraz doktrynie prawa. Z kolei główny problem ba-dawczy polega na tym, że zakres oraz podmioty ochrony prawnej niedyskryminacji wraz iz zasadą równego traktowanie różnią się w zależności od wykładni owych zasad prawa w ramach porządku prawnego Unii Europejskiej a Rady Europy. W związku z tym po-wstaje pytanie: w jakim porządku prawnym zasada niedyskryminacji jest bardziej chro-niona w praktyce, jaki rodzaj interakcji istnieje pomiędzy Unią Europejską a Radą Eu-ropy, oraz jaki mechanizm ochrony praw człowieka w tym zakresie należy stosować?Na podstawie analizy porównawczej należy wywnioskować, że zasada niedyskryminacji jest szerzej chroniona w prawie Rady Europy, w szczególności przez orzecznictwo ETPC. Z innej strony, ostatnio można zaobserwować, że TSUE coraz częściej odwo-łuje się do zasady równości, w szczególności jeśli chodzi o rozszerzenie jej treści oraz zakresu stosowania. Natomiast w tej chwili, dopóki Unia Europejska nie przystąpiła do Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka (EKPC) osoby fizyczne (obywatele UE) nie mogą składać skargi na naruszenie EKPC przez UE bezpośrednio przed ETPC.The main aim of the article is to reconstruct the essence and distinctive features of the principle of non-discrimination in the European law, jurisprudence and legal doctrine. In turn, the main research problem lies in the fact that the scope and entities of legal pro-tection of non-discrimination along with the principle of equal treatment differ depend-ing on the interpretation of these legal principles within the legal framework of the Eu-ropean Union (EU) and the Council of Europe. Therefore, the question arises: in which legal order the principle of non-discrimination is more protected in practice, what kind of interaction exists between the European Union and the Council of Europe, and what mechanism of protection of human rights in this respect should be applied?On the basis of a comparative analysis, it should be concluded that the principle of non-discrimination is more broadly protected n in the law of the Council of Europe, in particular by the case-law of the ECtHR. On the other hand, recently it can be observed that the CJEU is increasingly referring to the principle of equality, in particular as regards extending its content and the scope of application. At the moment, as long as the Euro-pean Union has not acceded to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), natural persons (EU citizens) can not complain about violation of the ECHR by the EU directly before the ECtH
Analysis of Autonomous Concepts in the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights
Get PDFThe European Court of Human Rights, when interpreting the rights guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights, develops in its jurisprudence autonomous concepts that serve as the foundation for the effective protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Thus, the European Court of Human Rights establishes certain standards that are binding on all Member States of the Council of Europe. Autonomous concepts act as a kind of “safeguard” against the abuse and arbitrariness of national authorities. They also contribute to the unification and harmonization of different legal systems, as well as the progress of a uniform judicial practice in the process of interpretation and application of law.
The purpose of this article is to reveal the essence and analyse the content and key components of such autonomous concepts as criminal charge, lawfulness, penalty, person of unsound mind, and peaceful assembly in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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