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Hiding In Plain Sight: Cuticular Compound Profile Matching Conceals A Larval Tortoise Beetle In Its Host Chemical Cloud
No full textLarvae of tortoise beetles are postulated to have fecal shields as the main defensive strategy against predators. Such a device protects beetles both physically and chemically. In order to examine how larvae Chelymorpha reimoseri are protected against predatory ants, which frequently visit extrafloral nectaries in their host plant, the morning glory Ipomoea carnea, we conducted anti-predation bioassays with live 5th instars. In the field, larvae in contact with ants had survival between 40 and 73 %, independently of shield presence. In the laboratory, when exposed to Camponotus crassus, larvae with shields had significantly higher survival (85 %) than those without shields (64 %). In both scenarios, larval survival was significantly higher when compared with palatable Spodoptera frugiperda larvae, as the latter were all consumed. We also observed that when C. reimoseri larvae showed no movement, the ants walked on them without attacking. We hypothesized that if the larval integument has a pattern of cuticular compounds (CCs) similar to that of its host plant, larvae would be rendered chemically camouflaged. In the field and laboratory, the freeze-dried palatable larvae of S. frugiperda treated with CCs of 5th instar C. reimoseri and left on I. carnea leaves were significantly less removed by ants than controls without these compounds. We also found a similarity of approximately 50 % between the CCs in C. reimoseri larvae and I. carnea host leaves. Both findings provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that chemical camouflage plays an important role in larval defense, which is reported for the first time in an ectophagous leaf beetle larva. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.404341354Akino, T., Chemical and behavioral study on the phytomimetic giant geometer Biston robustum Butler (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (2005) Appl Entomol Zool, 40, pp. 497-505Akino, T., Chemical strategies to deal with ants: a review of mimicry, camouflage, propaganda and phytomimesis by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and other arthropods (2008) Myrmecol News, 11, pp. 173-181Akino, T., Nakamura, K.-I., Wakamura, S., Diet induced chemical phyomimesis by twig-like caterpillars of Biston robustum Butler (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (2004) Chemoecology, 14, pp. 165-174Austin, D., Huáman, Z., A synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the Americas (1996) Taxon, 45, pp. 3-38Bacher, S., Luder, S., Picky predators and the function of the faecal shield of a cassidine larva (2005) Funct Ecol, 19, pp. 263-272Bachmann, A.O., Cabrera, N., A catalog of the types of Chrysomelidae sensu lato (Insecta, Coleoptera, Polyphaga) deposited in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires (2010) Rev Mus Argent Cienc Nat, 12, pp. 57-80Borowiec, L., (1999) World Catalogue of Cassidinae (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), , Wroclaw: Biologica SilesiaeBottcher, A., Zolin, J.P., Nogueira-De-Sá, F., Trigo, J.R., Faecal shield chemical defence is not important in larvae of the tortoise beetle Chelymorpha reimoseri (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Stolaini) (2009) Chemoecology, 19, pp. 63-66Budzikiewicz, H., Djerassi, C., Williams, D.H., (1967) Mass Spectrometry of Organic Compounds, , San Francisco: Holden-Day IncCarlson, D.A., Roan, C.-S., Yost, R.A., Hector, J., Dimethyl disulfide derivatives of long chain alkenes, alkadienes, and alkatrienes for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1989) Anal Chem, 61, pp. 1564-1571Carlson, D.A., Bernier, U.R., Sutton, B.D., Elution patterns from capillary GC for methyl-branched alkanes (1998) J Chem Ecol, 24, pp. 1845-1865Chaboo, C.S., Biology and phylogeny of the Cassidinae (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (2007) Bull Am Mus Nat Hist, 305, pp. 1-250Davidson, D.W., Cook, S.C., Snelling, R.R., Chua, T.H., Explaining the abundance of ants in lowland tropical rainforest canopies (2003) Science, 300, pp. 969-972Eisner, T., Tassel, E., Carrel, J.E., Defensive use of 'fecal shield' by a beetle larva (1967) Science, 158, pp. 1471-1473Fernández, F., (2003) Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical, , Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, BogotáGomes, C.C.G., Trigo, J.R., Eiras, A.E., Sex pheromone of the American warble fly, Dermatobia hominis: the role of cuticular hydrocarbons (2008) J Chem Ecol, 34, pp. 636-646Guimarães, P.R., Raimundo, R.L.G., Bottcher, C., Silva, R.R., Trigo, J.R., Extrafloral nectaries as a deterrent mechanism against seed predators in the chemically defended weed Crotalaria pallida (Leguminosae) (2006) Austral Ecol, 31, pp. 776-782Haase, R., Seasonal growth of "algodão-bravo" (Ipomoea carnea spp. fistulosa) (1999) Pesq Agrop Brasileira, 34, pp. 159-163Haraguchi, M., Gorniak, S.L., Ikeda, K., Minami, Y., Kato, A., Watson, A.A., Nash, R.J., Asano, N., Alkaloidal components in the poisonous plant, Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) (2003) J Agric Food Chem, 51, pp. 4995-5000Heckman, C.W., (1998) The Pantanal of Poconé. 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Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, BrasilNogueira-De-Sá, F., Trigo, J.R., Faecal shield of the tortoise beetle Plagiometriona aff. flavescens (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) as chemically mediated defence against predators (2005) J Trop Ecol, 21, pp. 189-194Opitz, S.E.W., Müller, C., Plant chemistry and insect sequestration (2009) Chemoecology, 19, pp. 117-154Piskorski, R., Trematerra, P., Dorn, S., Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), reflect those of their host plant species (2010) Biol J Linn Soc, 101, pp. 376-384Portugal, A.H.A., Trigo, J.R., Similarity of cuticular lipids between a caterpillar and its host plant: a way to make prey undetectable for predatory ants? 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(1988) Oikos, 53, pp. 79-86Świetojańska, J., The Immatures of Tortoise Beetles with Bibliographic Catalogue of All Taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) (2009) Polish Taxonomical Monographs, 16. , Wrocław: Biologica Silesiaevan den Dool, H., Kratz, P.D., A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography (1963) J Chromatogr, 11, pp. 463-471Vane-Wright, R.I., An unified classification of mimetic resemblances (1976) Biol J Linn Soc, 8, pp. 25-56Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Genetics of Chelymorpha cribraria, Cassidinae: Colour patterns and their ecological meaning (1988) Biology of Chrysomelidae, pp. 217-232. , P. H. Jolivet, E. Petitpierre, and T. H. 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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Ants Have A Negative Rather Than A Positive Effect On Extrafloral Nectaried Crotalaria Pallida Performance
No full textCrotalaria pallida (Fabaceae) is a pantropical plant with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) near the reproductive structures. EFN-visiting ants attack and remove arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix larvae, the main pre-dispersal seed predator, but the impact of ants on C.pallida fitness is unknown. To assess this impact, we controlled ant presence on plants and evaluated the reproductive output of C.pallida with and without ants. Predatory wasps also visit EFNs, prey upon U.ornatrix larvae, and may be driven out by ants during EFN feeding. Does this agonistic interaction affect the multitrophic interaction outcome? We found it difficult to evaluate the effect of both visitors because cages excluding wasps affect plant growth and do not allow U.ornatrix oviposition. Therefore, we verified whether ant presence inhibited wasp EFN visitation and predicted that (1) if ants confer a benefit for C.pallida, any negative effect of ants on wasps would be negligible for the plant because ants would be the best guardians, and (2) if ants are poor guardians, they would negatively affect wasps and negatively impact the fitness of C.pallida. Surprisingly, we found that the number of seeds/pods significantly increased, ca. 4.7 times, after ant removal. Additionally, we unexpectedly verified that controls showed a higher percentage of herbivore bored pods than ant-excluded plants. We found that wasps spent less time visiting EFNs patrolled by ants (ca. 299 s less). These results support our second prediction and suggest that the outcome of multitrophic interactions may vary with natural enemy actors. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS.514953Almeida, E.C., Biologia floral e mecanismo de reprodução em Crotalaria mucronata (1986) Desv. Rev. Ceres, 33, pp. 529-540Cogni, R., Resistance to plant invasion? A native specialist herbivore shows preference for and higher fitness on an introduced host (2010) Biotropica, 42, pp. 188-193Conner, W.E., Utetheisa ornatrix, the ornate arctiid (2009) Tiger Moths and Wooly Bears. Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution of the Arctiidae, pp. 1-10. , Oxford University Press, New York, W.E. Conner (Ed.)Da Costa, M.A., Phylogeny of Utetheisa s. str. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Arctinae) with comments on the evolution of colour, hind wing scales and origin of New World species (2010) Invert. Syst., 24, pp. 113-130Cuautle, M., Rico-Gray, V., The effect of wasps and ants on the reproductive success of the extrafloral nectaried plant Turnera ulmifolia (Turneraceae) (2003) Func. Ecol., 17, pp. 417-423Davidson, D.E., Cook, S.C., Snelling, R.R., Chua, T.H., Canopies explaining the abundance of ants in lowland tropical rainforest (2003) Science, 300, pp. 969-972Del-Claro, K., Berto, V., Réu, W., Herbivore deterrence by visiting ants increases fruit-set in an extrafloral nectary plant Qualea multiflora (Vochysiaceae) in cerrado vegetation (1996) J.Trop. Ecol., 12, pp. 887-892Díaz-Castelazo, C., Rico-Gray, V., Ortega, F., Ángeles, G., Morphological and secretory characterization of extrafloral nectaries in plants of Coastal Veracruz, México (2005) Ann. Bot., 96, pp. 1175-1189Ferro, V.G., (2001) Padrões de utilização de Crotalaria spp. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Crotalarieae) por larvas de Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae), , Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, (MSc thesis)Ferro, V.G., Guimarães, P.R., Trigo, J.R., Why do larvae of Utetheisa ornatrix penetrate and feed in pods of Crotalaria species? Larval performance vs. chemical and physical constraints (2006) Entomol. Exp. Appl., 121, pp. 23-29Guimarães, P.R., Raimundo, R.L.G., Bottcher, C., Silva, R.R., Trigo, J.R., Extrafloral nectaries as a deterrent mechanism against seed predators in the chemically defended weed Crotalaria pallida (Leguminosae) (2006) Austral Ecol., 31, pp. 776-782Howard, K.J., Jeanne, R.L., Shifting foraging strategies in colonies of the social wasp Polybia occidentalis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) (2005) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 57, pp. 481-489Koptur, S., Alternative defenses against herbivores in Inga (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) over an elevation gradient (1985) Ecology, 66, pp. 1639-1650Lorenzi, H., (2000) Plantas daninhas do Brasil: terrestres, aquáticas, parasitas e tóxicas, , Plantarum, Nova Odessa, BrasilLundgren, J.G., Relationships of Natural Enemies and Non-prey Foods (2009) Progress in Biological Control, 7. , Springer, GermanyMathews, C.R., Bottrell, D.G., Brown, M.W., Interactions between extrafloral nectaries, ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and other natural enemies affect biological control of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on peach (Rosales: Rosaceae) (2011) Environ. Entomol., 40, pp. 42-51Melo, Y., Machado, S.R., Alves, M., Anatomy of extrafloral nectaries in Fabaceae from dry-seasonal forest in Brazil (2010) Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 163, pp. 87-98Mody, K., Linsenmair, K.E., Plant-attracted ants affect arthropod community structure but not necessarily herbivory (2004) Ecol. Entomol., 29, pp. 217-225Nogueira, A., Guimarães, E., Machado, S.R., Lohmann, L.G., Do extrafloral nectarines present a defensive role against herbivores in two species of the family Bignoniaceae in a Neotropical savannas? (2012) Plant Ecol., 213, pp. 289-301O'Dowd, D.J., Catchpole, E.A., Ants and extrafloral nectaries: no evidence for plant protection in Helichrysum spp.-ant interactions (1983) Oecologia, 59, pp. 191-200Pemberton, R.W., Observations of extrafloral nectar feeding by predaceous and fungivorous mites (1993) Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash, 95, pp. 642-643Pemberton, R.W., Lee, J.H., The influence of extra-floral nectaries on parasitism of an insect herbivore (1996) Am. J. Bot., 83, pp. 1187-1194Polhill, R.M., (1982) Crotalaria in Africa and Madagascar, , Balkema, RotterdamPrezoto, F., Lima, M.A.P., Machado, V.L.L., Survey of preys captured and used by Polybia platycephala (Richards) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Epiponini) (2005) Neotrop. Entomol., 34, pp. 849-851Raveret-Richter, M., Social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) foraging behavior (2000) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 45, pp. 121-150Rico-Gray, V., Oliveira, P.S., (2007) The Ecology and Evolution of Ant-plant Interactions, , The University of Chicago Press, ChicagoRomero, G.Q., Koricheva, J., Contrasting cascade effects of carnivores on plant fitness: a meta-analysis (2011) J.Anim. Ecol., 80, pp. 696-704Rosenheim, J.A., Kaya, H.K., Ehler, L.W., Jarois, J.J., Jaffee, B.A., Intraguild predation among biological-control agents: theory and evidence (1995) Biol. Control., 5, pp. 303-335Stamp, N.E., Bowers, M.D., Direct and indirect effects of predatory wasps (Polistes sp.: Vespidae) on gregarious caterpillars (Hemileuca lucina: Saturniidae) (1988) Oecologia, 75, pp. 619-624Thompson, J.N., (2005) The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution, , The University of Chicago Press, ChicagoTrigo, J.R., Effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids through different trophic levels (2011) Phytochem. Rev., 10, pp. 83-98Wäckers, F., Suitability of (extra-)floral nectar, pollen, and honeydew as insect food sources (2005) Plant-provided Food for Carnivorous Insects. A Protective Mutualism and Its Applications, pp. 17-74. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, F.L. Wäckers, P.C.J. Vand Rijn, J. Bruin (Eds.)Zar, J.H., (1999) Biostatistical Analysis, , Prentice Hall, New Jerse
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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