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PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BAKTERI ALAMI PENCERNAAN SEBAGAI KANDIDAT PROBIOTIK PADA PAKAN BUATAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP JUVENIL IKAN KERAPU BEBEK (Cromileptes altivelis Valenciennes, 1828) SELAMA MASA PEMBESARAN
No full textIkan kerapu bebek (Cromileptes altivelis Valenciennes, 1828) merupakan jenis
ikan karang yang memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Harga ikan kerapu bebek
yang mahal disebabkan karena tingkat sintasan yang rendah serta
pertumbuhannya yang cukup lambat. Salah satu strategi untuk meningkatkan
pertumbuhan adalah dengan penambahan probiotik. Probiotik dapat diisolasi dari
mikroflora saluran pencernaan ikan kerapu bebek. Mikroflora pencernaan
diantaranya adalah bakteri. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian
penambahan bakteri alami pencernaan sebagai kandidat probiotik terhadap
pertumbuhan juvenil ikan kerapu bebek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1)
menganalisis pengaruh penambahan bakteri alami pencernaan pada pakan buatan
terhadap pertumbuhan, kelangsungan hidup dan efisiensi pakan juvenil ikan
kerapu bebek; 2) menganalisis jenis pakan yang paling baik dalam meningkatkan
pertumbuhan juvenil ikan kerapu bebek; 3) menganalisis jumlah inokulum bakteri
alami pencernaan yang efisien dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan juvenil ikan
kerapu bebek.
Penelitian telah dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2012 sampai dengan
Februari 2013 di Laboratorium Riset Mikrobiologi FMIPA Universitas Andalas
dan Unit Pelaksanaan Teknis Daerah (UPTD) Balai Benih Ikan, Teluk Buo,
Bungus, Padang, Sumatera Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Adapun perlakuannya adalah pakan buatan tanpa penambahan bakteri probiotik (P1); pakan buatan dengan penambahan jumlah inokulum probiotik 106 (P2); pakan buatan dengan penambahan jumlah inokulum probiotik 1010 (P3); pakan buatan dengan panambahan jumlah inokulum probiotik 1014 (P4); dan pakan alami berupa ikan rucah (P5).
Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa selama 50 hari masa pemeliharaan ikan kerapu bebek mengalami peningkatan berat maupun panjang. Berat rata-rata ikan kerapu bebek bertambah dari 16,00-16,73 gram pada awal pemeliharaan menjadi 21,98-28,93 gram pada akhir pemeliharaan. Sementara itu, panjang tubuhnya mengalami penambahan dari 10,61–10,75 cm pada awal pemeliharaan menjadi 11,35-11,96 cm pada akhir pemeliharaan. Dari perlakuan yang telah diujicobakan, penambahan bakteri alami pencernaan memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan (P<0,05) terhadap pertumbuhan baik panjang maupun berat serta efisiensi pakan. Akan tetapi belum memberikan pengaruh terhadap kelangsungan hidup juvenil ikan kerapu bebek yang dipelihara pada sistem keramba jaring apung selama 50 hari. Dari uji Duncan’s didapatkan pakan yang memberikan laju pertumbuhan (berat mutlak, berat relatif, berat harian) dan efisiensi pakan yang terbaik pada pakan buatan dengan penambahan bakteri alami pencernaan dengan jumlah inokulum 1010 dengan nilai masing-masing 12,93±0,643; 0,923±0,035; 0,259±0,013; 0,120±0,004. Sedangkan untuk pertumbuhan panjang mutlak dan panjang relatif yang terbaik terdapat pada penambahan bakteri alami pencernaan dengan jumlah inokulum 106 dan 1010 serta pemberian pakan ikan rucah
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in The Sea: A Review
No full textPersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that have been banned or restricted for all purposes. Banning these compounds does not guarantee that the chemicals will not be found in the environment. This is related to the persistence nature of POPs. To investigate the presence of POPs in the environment. Environmental monitoring of POPs is one of the efforts to support POPs management. The most frequently discussed pollutants in the last 3 years are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In addition, an effective method in degrading Persistent Organic Pollutants is the fabrication of ultra-thin graphitic carbon nitride decorated CoFe2O4/Mn3O4 nanosheet membranes with a yield of 94.5% and a kinetic rate (0.1367 min.-1) For norfloxacin (NOR) within 30 minutes. But for a method that uses simple, efficient and affordable technology to remove organic pollutants from aquatic systems is Biosorption using biomass waste, using tannin-rich waste such as coffee grounds and green tea grounds capable of degrading 10 μM chlordecone
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Survival strategies of marine mammals in extreme environments: A study of whales and seals
No full textExtreme environments, characterized by challenges such as sub-zero temperatures, limited sunlight and scarce resources, pose great challenges to organisms, including marine mammals. Marine mammals have evolved to live in extreme environments.These mammals are highly tolerant of cold and stress and can continue to breathe for long periods of time. The method used in this article is literature study by analyzing several articles. Marine mammals such as seals have a thick layer of fat. This adaptation reduces heat loss and helps maintain body temperature in cold environments. Cetaceans, like whales, have undergone fundamental morphological and molecular changes to adapt to the aquatic environment. Characteristic of these whales are their baleen plates and ability to communicate through vocal signals, forage socially, and migrate across much of the globe
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Study of the Utilization of Heavy Metal Biosorption (Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni) with Chitosan from Crab and Kupang Shell Waste
No full textPollution is defined as the entry of an object, substance or energy into the aquatic environment that has a negative impact on living things. This study aims to determine the adsorbent absorption of crab shell ash and kupang ash to the levels of heavy metal chromium (Cr), CrChromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni) in standard solution. Shell ash is made by calcination using a furnace at 900 ° C for ± 9 hours. The standard solution was added to the shell then stirred and allowed to stand for 8 hours. and for metal analysis using a Serum Spectrophotometer. metal analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotomer. From the results of the study, it was found that the absorption capacity of crab and kupang ash on Fe and Cu metals reached 100%. The absorption capacity of the three metals on Co, Mn and Ni is not too different with values above 99%. Shell ash was able to absorb Cr more than the other compared to other shell ashes with a value of 99.91%
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) in Green Mussels (
No full textThe environment is a place for the survival of living creatures which has an important role. Furthermore, pollution is a problem in the environment and really needs to be addressed because it can cause damage to the environment and ecosystem. Pollution that is very dangerous for life is heavy metals such as lead (Pb) in the sea. Green mussels (Perna Viridis L.) are examples of marine creatures in the bivalve group that can accumulate heavy metals and can be used as bioindicators of water pollution. The aim of this literature review is to determine the bioaccumulation of the heavy metal lead (Pb) in green mussels (Perna Viridis L.) in Indonesian waters. In the process of preparing this journal review, the method used is the comparative method. The results of the research that has been carried out show that green mussels contain the highest concentration of lead (Pb) in the waters of Jakarta Bay at 29.4 mg/kg, because Jakarta is a densely populated area and there are many industries in the city, followed by the concentration of green mussels. which was found in Badung Market, Bali at 28.878 mg/kg, then in the waters of Tambak Lorok, Semarang with levels of 8.0665 mg/kg
Heavy Metal Pollution in Indonesian Waters
No full textMarine pollution, including heavy metals, is prevalent in Indonesian waters. Previous studies have found evidence of Pb, Cd, Hg, Al and Fe metal contamination in sediments and green mussels. This study used survey research. Heavy metal pollution is increasingly accumulating so that if it is not controlled it is feared that it will have an impact on public health, especially people who live around the coast. The research method was conducted using survey techniques. This study aims to estimate the burden of heavy metal pollution in the ocean. The research was conducted in 5 (five) areas of Indonesia, namely the East Coast of Sumatra, Winongo River in Yogyakarta, Semarang Bay, Bandengan Waters Kendal Central Java, and Ratai Bay Pasewaran Regency in areas with high human and heavy metal impacts. On average, the total results of heavy metal pollution exceed environmental quality standards. The situation in the 5 (five) research areas shows heavy metal pollution is very concerning because it is higher than the marine quality standard. The average concentrations of the measured elements in water were Al >Fe > Cu > Cd, with average values in descending order of 1.08 mg/L, 0.545 mg/L, 0.035 mg/L, and 0.005 mg/L, respectively. Environmental management should be implemented with the aim of reducing heavy metal pollution in Indonesian waters
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