1,720,968 research outputs found
Zellbiologische und biochemische Charakterisierung des Ustilago maydis Virulenzfaktors Mcs1 (Myosin-Chitinsynthase 1)
No full textInfektionen von Wirtspflanzen durch pathogene Pilze erfordert polares Spitzenwachstum, ein Prozess, der die kontinuierliche polare Anlieferung von Zellwandkomponenten und Enzymen, wie Chitinsynthasen (CHS), entlang des Cytoskeletts benötigt. Klasse V CHS sind als Virulenzfaktoren für die pathogene Entwicklung essentiell. Diese potentiellen molekularen Motoren bestehen aus einer Myosin-Motordomäne (MMD), die mit einer CHS-Domäne fusioniert sind. Letztere ist am Aufbau der pilzlichen Zellwand beteiligt, die Rolle der MMD bleibt bisher ungeklärt. Eine nahe liegende Rolle könnte die MMD-vermittelte Anlieferung sekretorischer Vesikel (Chitosomen) zur Wachstumszone sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss beider Domänen in Mcs1, der Klasse V CHS in U. maydis, untersucht. Durch quantitative Analysen von Krankheitssymptomen, Besiedlung der Pflanze und Auswertungen morphometrischer Parameter wurde gezeigt, dass beide Domänen essentielle, jedoch ungleiche Rollen, für die pathogene Entwicklung von U. maydis spielen. Während der Phänotyp der G3Mcs1Chsdead-Mutante dem der Deletionsmutante ähnelt, konnte die Besiedelung des Pflanzengewebes durch Stämme, die Defekte in der Motordomäne aufwiesen, noch teilweise erfolgen. mcs1-Deletionsmutanten und CHS-aktivitätsdefekte Stämme werden schnell durch das pflanzliche Abwehrsystem erkannt und getötet. Mutanten bei denen die MMD deletiert wurden verursachen nur eine abgeschwächte Abwehrreaktion. Der Verlust der Klasse V CHS Aktivität führt vermutlich zu gravierenden Mängeln in der Zellwandzusammensetzung, wodurch polares in planta Wachstum gestört und der Infektionsprozess verlangsamt wird. Eine Folge dessen ist eine starke pflanzliche Abwehrreaktion, die durch die Bildung von H2O2 und lokalem Zelltod charakterisiert ist. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die apikale Mcs1-Lokalisierung von der eigenen MMD abhängt. Jedoch wurde auch beobachtet, dass noch wenige Chitosomen die Plasmamembran erreichen. Dadurch kann intrazelluläres Hyphenwachstum in begrenztem Maße erfolgen und U. maydis kann die Pflanzenzelle besiedeln. Eine Strukturanalyse verdeutlichte, dass trotz geringer Sequenzidentitäten die Mcs1 MMD der Struktur veröffentlichter Myosinmotoren ähnelt. Des Weiteren konnte belegt werden, dass die Mcs1 MMD an Aktin bindet und in der Lage ist Dimere auszubilden. In in vivo Motilitätsversuche wurde nachgewiesen, dass sich Mcs1-gebundende Chitosomen schnell und bi-direktional über lange Strecken bewegen und kurz bevor sie sekretiert werden in subapikalen Bereichen der Plasmamembran verharren. Die Insertion in die Membran erfolgt dabei selten und zufällig und es wurde gezeigt, dass die Verweildauer am Apex bei MMD-defizienten Mutanten signifikant verkürzt war. Wohingegen die apikale Mcs1-Akkumulation von F-Aktin und der eigenen MMD abhängt, spielen bei der Motilität von Chitosomen sowohl Aktin als auch Mikrotubuli eine Rolle und ist nicht abhängig von der MMD. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass die eigene MMD nicht für die apikale Anlieferung verantwortlich ist, sondern eher lokale Funktionen in der Exozytose von Chitosomen übernimmt
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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