1,720,959 research outputs found
Marktintegration von Kleinbauern durch Bauernorganisationen - Eine Analyse des Producer Company-Modells in Indien im Kontext des sich entfaltenden modernen Lebensmitteleinzelhandels
No full textIndiens Agro-Food Netzwerk hat sich seit der im Jahr 1991 offiziell einsetzenden Liberalisierungspolitik nur sehr langsam verändert. Erst die jüngsten Maßnahmen der Deregulierung und Liberalisierung − im Einzelhandelssektor und anderen bedeutenden Bereichen des Handels mit und der Verarbeitung von Nahrungsmitteln − haben diese Transformationen verstärkt. Ein bedeutender Teil der Veränderungen in Indiens Agro-Food Netzwerk spielt sich im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel ab. Seit etwa zehn Jahren hat der moderne Lebensmitteleinzelhandel im indischen Markt zunehmend Fuß gefasst und weitet seinen Anteil am Lebensmittelhandel stetig aus. Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich damit auseinander, was diese zunehmende Etablierung des modernen Lebensmitteleinzelhandels für die Bauern des Landes bedeutet und wie diese von den Transformationen profitieren können, indem sie in die Zulieferketten der im indischen Markt agierenden Einzelhandelsunternehmen integriert werden. Der Fokus bei der Betrachtung, wie eine solche Marktintegration von Kleinbauern gelingen kann, liegt auf sogenannten Producer Companies – einer Hybridform zwischen einer traditionellen Genossenschaft und einem privaten Unternehmen. Die Dissertation untersucht den aktuellen Status des Modells der Producer Companies und analysiert seinen bisherigen Erfolg. Die Analyse wird theoretisch eingebettet in die Debatte zu Collective Action. Die konkrete Analyse der Position von Producer Companies als ökonomische Akteure in neu entstehenden Handelsbeziehungen mit Unternehmen des modernen Lebensmitteleinzelhandels wird mit dem Ansatz der Global Value Chains durchgeführt. Producer Companies werden im Rahmen dieser Analyse als potentielle Zulieferer von Unternehmen des modernen Lebensmitteleinzelhandels in Indien konzeptionalisiert.
Die Arbeit liegt als kumulative Dissertation vor und umfasst insgesamt drei Artikel. Der erste Artikel zeigt anhand eines Fallbeispiels, dass Producer Companies Kleinbauern und benachteiligten ländlichen Gemeinschaften helfen können, sich in einem neuen und anspruchsvolleren Marktumfeld zu positionieren und in Handelsbeziehungen zu großen Einzelhandelsunternehmen zu treten, indem sie wertsteigernde Prozesse durchführen und Skalenerträge bei der Vermarktung ihrer Produkte erwirtschaften. Das in diesem Artikel analysierte Fallbeispiel macht deutlich, dass Producer Companies darüber hinaus weitere positive Effekte auf ihre Mitglieder haben, indem diesen etwa der Zugang zu Krediten und vielfältigen Beratungsangeboten im Bereich der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion, aber auch der Gesundheit und Bildung ermöglicht wird. Es ist diese Gesamtheit an Funktionen, die zu einer Verbesserung der Lebensbedingungen der beteiligten Familien beiträgt.
Der zweite Artikel hebt anhand des indischen Baumwollsektors und einer Fallstudie aus dem südindischen Staat Karnataka bedeutende Schwierigkeiten hervor, die etliche Producer Companies derzeit haben und die einen breiteren Erfolg des Modells noch verhindern. Dieser Artikel zeigt auch, dass Producer Companies ein Instrument sein können, mit dem Kleinbauern ihre Abhängigkeit von Unternehmen der landwirtschaftlichen Inputindustrie verringern, ihre Markt-und Verhandlungsposition verbessern und die vom neoliberalen Rückzug des Staates hinterlassene Lücke der landwirtschaftlichen Beratungsdienstleistungen schließen können.
Der dritte Artikel ist ein zusammenführender und konkludierender Artikel. Die Hauptaussage des Artikels ist, dass die Integration von Bauernorganisationen wie Producer Companies in die Zulieferbeziehungen des modernen Einzelhandels in Indien für beide Seiten durch die Minimierung von Transaktions- , Koordinationskosten und Risiken Vorteile hat, die relativ geringe Nachfrage seitens der abnehmenden Unternehmen jedoch derzeit der Hauptfaktor ist, der die Ausweitung einer solchen Kooperation blockiert. Um mehr Producer Companies zu professionellen und wirtschaftlich stabilen Unternehmen zu entwickeln, ist nicht zuletzt die Unterstützung von staatlicher Seite vonnöten. Producer Companies könnten sich in Zukunft zu Business Hubs in ländlichen Räumen entwickeln, von denen Unternehmen des modernen Lebensmitteleinzelhandels qualitativ hochwertige Nahrungsmittel einkaufen, und über die Bauern hochwertige Produktionsmittel von der landwirtschaftlichen Inputindustrie beziehen können.Since the official start of economic liberalization in 1991, transformations in India’s agro-food system were relatively slow. Only the more recent steps towards a further deregulation and liberalization, not only of the retail sector, but also of other sectors relevant to the trade with and the processing of food, and agriculture, have accelerated these transformations and here, the food retail sector plays an important role. Starting in the early 2000s, modern food retailers increasingly gained foothold in the Indian market and are since then expanding their share in the country’s food retail sales. The core question of this thesis is what the emergence of modern retail in India means for India’s farmers and how they can be able to profit from the developments in the retail sector through an integration into modern retailers’ supply chains. The focus of research on such market integration of smallholder farmers is on so-called Producer Companies which are a hybrid form between a traditional cooperative and a private company. Against this backdrop, this thesis analyses the success of the Producer Company model in integrating smallholder farmers into markets. The analysis is theoretically embedded into the collective action debate. The concrete analysis of Producer Companies as economic actors in emerging trade relations with modern retailers is conducted using the Global Value Chain framework. Within the frame of this analysis, Producer Companies are conceptualized as potential suppliers to the modern retail sector in India.
The thesis consists of three manuscripts. The first article uses a case study to show that Producer Companies can help smallholder farmers and underprivileged rural communities to position themselves in a more demanding market environment and to establish trading relations to modern retail companies by conducting value adding processes and generate economies of scale in output marketing. The article also shows that, for Producer Companies, reducing the risk of marketing is sometimes more important than realizing the best possible price available in the market. Analyzing a very successful case study, the article stresses that Producer Companies carry out a series of functions for their members besides providing agricultural inputs, extension services and taking care of the marketing process, which lead to an increase of farmer capabilities. Additionally, Producer Companies can facilitate access to credit for their members, and to consulting services in the fields of health, education, hygiene and others. It is this sum of functions the Producer Company provides for its members that enhances the farmer families’ livelihoods.
The second article shows that Producer Companies can be a tool for farmers to reduce their dependence on private companies in the area of input supplies, improve their market and bargaining position, and fill the gap left by the public sector’s withdrawal from agricultural extension services. Taking the cotton sector and a specific case study from the southern state of Karnataka as an example, this article focuses on the functions of a Producer Company as a farmer owned company in the areas of production and marketing. It also emphasizes and analyzes the challenges and problems that currently hamper a greater success of the Producer Company model in India.
The third article brings together all major findings from the research and compares the Indian scenario to experiences from other countries, where cooperation between supermarket chains and farmer organizations already exists. The article’s main message is that the integration of farmer organizations, such as Producer Companies, into modern retailers’ supply chains brings advantages for both sides through a reduction of transaction and coordination costs as well as marketing risks. However, a relatively low demand from the modern retailers’ side is currently hampering the quantitative and qualitative expansion of such cooperation. Generally, modern retailers in India welcome the idea of working with a Producer Company as a supplier. However, due to a relative lack of positive examples of such cooperation, and due to the problems Producer Companies are still facing, well functioning trading relations between modern retailers and Producer Companies in India are still rare. To develop more Producer Companies into vibrant and smoothly running companies government support is required. In the future, economically stable Producer Companies might evolve into Business Hubs in rural areas from which modern retailers can source large quantities of quality produce and through which member farmers can get access to production inputs end technology
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"No farmers, no food!" : Landwirtschaft in Indien zwischen Agrarkrise und wirtschaftlicher Liberalisierung
No full textMit Slogans wie „No farmers, no food!“ haben die Bauernproteste 2020/2021 den Blick der Weltöffentlichkeit für einen Moment auf die Probleme der indischen Kleinbäuerinnen und Kleinbauern gelenkt. Trotz der Erfolge der Protestierenden sind die vielfältigen Herausforderungen, mit denen die indische Landwirtschaft zu kämpfen hat, noch lange nicht gelöst. Kleinbauern sind von einer zunehmenden Flächenfragmentierung, Ernterisiken im Kontext von Bodendegradation und Klimawandel sowie den Auswirkungen der Liberalisierung des Agrarmarktes betroffen
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
