1,721,064 research outputs found
2008-2020. Rapporto sull'università italiana
Full text linkL’università decresce. Le variazioni percentuali: -11,74% docenti/ricercatori (2008 -2020); -24,52% dottorandi (2008/09 al 2019/20); -4,68% iscritti triennali e magistrali (2010/11 al 2019/20); -8,18% assegnisti di ricerca (2012-2019).
L’università decresce diversamente per genere. Dal 2010/11 al 2019/20, le variazioni degli iscritti sono state: -6,80% le iscritte; -1,45% gli iscritti. Dal 2008/09 al 2019/20, le variazioni degli iscritti alle scuole di dottorato sono state : -30,27% le dottorande; -18,07% i dottorandi. Dal 2012 al 2019 le variazioni dei titolari di assegni di ricerca sono state: -10,85% le assegniste; -5,37% gli assegnisti.
Decresce solo il sistema statale. Nelle università statali la variazione dei docenti/ricercatori è del -14,34% mentre in quelle non statali è del +47,21%. Gli spostamenti dal sistema pubblico a quello privato più significativi sono nelle scienze giuridiche, economiche, umane, politiche e sociali.
Le variazioni degli iscritti dal 2010/2011 al 2019/2020 sono: -9,66% nelle università statali e +54,34% nelle università non statali. Il Sud e le Isole sono l’area geografica in cui lo spostamento degli equilibri a favore del sistema non statale è maggiore: nel 2010/2011, gli iscritti alle università non statali erano il 3,90% del totale dell’area; nel 2019/2020 sono l’11,77%.
I rari andamenti positivi nelle università statali sono quasi tutti al Nord. Il Trentino Alto Adige è però l’unica regione del Paese in cui, nell’università pubblica, crescano sia docenti/ricercatori (+23,10%) che iscritti (+3,09%).
La Sicilia è la regione che subisce le perdite più consistenti in tutto il Paese. Nei periodi presi in considerazione le università statali siciliane perdono il 29,49% dei docenti/ricercatori e il 29,20% degli iscritti.
Molti gli abilitati, meno del 30% entrano in ruolo. Dal 2013 al 2020, le procedure di Abilitazione Scientifica Nazionale (ASN) con esito positivo sono state 26.919 alla prima fascia e 50.545 alla seconda fascia. Le prime hanno prodotto 5.975 professori ordinari (22,20%;); le seconde 16.136 professori associati (31,92% ).
Fra i docenti/ricercatori in servizio circa il 54% degli abilitati alla prima fascia (valore assoluto 11.607) e il 24% degli abilitati alla seconda fascia (valore assoluto 9.392) sono sovraqualificati per il ruolo che ricoprono.
I diversamente abilitati. Docenti/ricercatori, tutti egualmente abilitati da procedure unificate a livello nazionale, sono entrati in ruolo in misura maggiore o minore in Sedi diversamente collocate. Ad esempio, nel 2020, l’incidenza degli abilitati in ruolo (professori ordinari) sugli abilitati alla prima fascia in servizio è del 43,97% in Trentino Alto Adige e del 11,2% in Basilicata.
Analogamente, donne e uomini sono egualmente abilitati ma, nel 2020, troviamo in ruolo solo il 29,41% del totale delle donne abilitate alla prima fascia, mentre troviamo in ruolo il 35,93% del totale degli uomini abilitati alla prima fascia.
Precari abilitati ad alta probabilità di espulsione dal sistema della ricerca italiano. Nelle università italiane più di 1 docente su 3 è a contratto. I titolari di assegno di ricerca, dal 2012 al 2020, sono in media 14.787. Fuori dagli organici dell’università italiana troviamo il 15,66% degli abilitati alla prima fascia (v.a. 3.372) e il 33,19% degli abilitati alla seconda fascia (v.a. 13.156).
Questo notevole numero di ricercatori e docenti ha come unica prospettiva di stabilizzazione un contratto da ricercatore a tempo determinato “di tipo B” (RTD-B). Dal 2016 al 2019, la media dei contratti da RTD-B è stata di circa 1.385 all’anno.
La maggior parte degli espulsi saranno donne. Fra i requisiti necessari per candidarsi per un contratto da RTD-B c’è quello di aver usufruito di assegni di ricerca per almeno 3 anni. Dal 2012 al 2019 la percentuale media di donne titolari di assegni di ricerca è del 50,52 (nel 2019 49,76%). Dal 2010 al 2020, la percentuale media di donne RTD-B è del 34,93 (nel 2020, 41,48%).
Le variazioni del divario di genere. Nel 2008 le docenti/ricercatrici erano il 33,96% del totale. Dal 2008 al 2020 la decrescita degli uomini (-17,76%) e quella solo debolissima delle donne (-0,04%) porta le docenti/ricercatrici al 38,46% del totale.
Dal 2008 al 2020 il numero delle donne in prima fascia (professori ordinari) è aumentato dello 0,5%, il numero degli uomini in prima fascia è diminuito del 31,2%. Nel 2008 le donne ordinario erano il 18,84%; nel 2020 sono il 25,33%. Il divario si è dunque assottigliato ma rimane di 49,34 punti percentuali
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
TECHNIQUES DE TEST POUR CIRCUITS DIGITAUX BASÉS SUR LE CALCUL APPROXIMATIF
No full textAu cours des dernières décennies, la demande d’efficacité informatique n’a cessé de croître. L’affirmation d’applications de nouvelle génération consommatrices d’énergie d’un côté, et d’appareils portables basse consommation de l’autre, exige un nouveau paradigme informatique capable de faire face aux exigences concurrentes des défis technologiques actuels. Ces dernières années, plusieurs études sur les applications dites de "Recognition, Mining and Synthesis (RMS)" ont été menées. Une particularité très intéressante a été identifiée : la résilience intrinsèque de ces applications. Une telle propriété permet aux applications RMS d’être très tolérantes aux erreurs. Ceci est dû à différents facteurs, tels que les données bruyantes traitées par ces applications, les algorithmes non déterministes utilisés et les réponses non uniques possibles. Ces propriétés ont été exploitées par un nouveau paradigme informatique de plus en plus établi : le calcul approximé (AxC). L’AxC profite intelligemment de la résilience intrinsèque des applications RMS pour réaliser des gains en termes de consommation électrique, de temps de fonctionnement et/ou de surface de puce. En effet, en introduisant des assouplissants sélectifs des spécifications non critiques, certaines parties du système informatique cible peuvent être simplifiées, pour finalement atteindre l’objectif de l’AxC. De plus, l’AxC est capable de cibler différentes couches des systèmes informatiques, du matériel au logiciel. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur les circuits intégrés approximés (AxICs) qui sont le résultat de l’application AxC au niveau matériel. En particulier, nous nous concentrons sur l’approximation fonctionnelle des circuits intégrés, utilisée au cours des dernières années afin de concevoir efficacement les AxICs. En raison de la pertinence croissante des AxICs, il devient important de relever les nouveaux défis pour tester de tels circuits. À cet égard, certains travaux ont attiré l’attention sur les défis que représente l’approximation fonctionnelle pour les procédures de test. En même temps, l’approximation fonctionnelle des circuits intégrés offre également des possibilités. Plus en détails - d’une part - le concept de circuit acceptable change : alors qu’un circuit est conventionnellement bon si ses réponses ne sont jamais différentes de celles attendues, dans le contexte AxIC certaines réponses inattendues peuvent encore être acceptables. Pour la même raison - d’autre part - certaines fautes acceptables peuvent ne pas être détectées, ce qui mène à un gain de rendement de production (c.-à-d., augmentation du pourcentage de circuits acceptables, parmi tous les circuits fabriqués). Pour mesurer l’erreur produite par un AxIC, plusieurs métriques d’erreur ont été proposées dans la littérature. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons un ensemble de techniques de test pour les circuits approximés. En particulier, nous nous concentrons sur trois phases fondamentales du déroulement du test. Premièrement, la classification des fautes AxIC en non-redundant et ax-redundant (c.-à-d. catastrophique et acceptable, respectivement) en fonction d’un seuil d’erreur (c.-à-d. la quantité maximale tolérable d’erreur). Cette classification permet d’obtenir deux listes de fautes (c.-à-d. nonredundant et ax-redundant). Ensuite, nous proposons une génération automatique de séquences de test qui soit “consciente de l’approximation”. Les tests obtenus préviennent les défaillances catastrophiques en détectant les fautes non-redundant. En même temps, ils minimisent la détection sur les ax-redundant. Enfin – puisque dans certains cas le gain de rendement obtenu ne correspond toujours pas à celui attendu, à cause de la structure propre des AxICs – nous proposons une technique pour classer correctement les AxICs dans les catégories “catastrophiquement défectueux” et “acceptablement défectueux”, après l’application du test.Despite great improvements of the semiconductor industry in terms of energy efficiency, the computer systems’ energy consumption is constantly growing. Many largely used applications – usually referred to as Recognition, Mining and Synthesis (RMS) applications – are more and more deployed as mobile applications and on Internet of Things (IoT) structures. Therefore, it is mandatory to improve the future silicon devices and architectures on which these applications will run. Inherent resiliency property of RMS applications has been thoroughly investigated over the last few years. This interesting property leads applications to be tolerant to errors, as long as their results remain close enough to the expected ones. Approximate Computing (AxC) , is an emerging computing paradigm which takes advantages of this property. AxC has gained increasing interest in the scientific community in last years. It is based on the intuitive observation that introducing selective relaxation of non-critical specifications may lead to efficiency gains in terms of power consumption, run time, and/or chip area. So far, AxC has been applied on the whole digital system stack, from hardware to application level. This work focuses on approximate integrated circuits (AxICs), which are the result of AxC application at hardware-level. Functional approximation has been successfully applied to integrated circuits (ICs) in order to efficiently design AxICs. Specifically, we focus on testing aspects of functionally approximate ICs. In fact – since approximation changes the functional behavior of ICs – techniques to test them have to be revisited. In fact, some previous works – have shown that circuit approximation brings along some challenges for testing procedures, but also some opportunities. In particular, approximation procedures intrinsically lead the circuit to produce errors, which have to be taken into account in test procedures. Error can be measured according to different error metrics. On the one hand, the occurrence of a defect in the circuit can lead it to produce unexpected catastrophic errors. On the other hand, some defects can be tolerated, when they do not induce errors over a certain threshold. This phenomenon could lead to a yield increase, if properly investigated and managed. To deal with such aspects, conventional test flow should be revisited. Therefore, we introduce Approximation-Aware testing (AxA testing). We identify three main AxA testing phases: (i) AxA fault classification, (ii) AxA test pattern generation and (iii) AxA test set application. Briefly, the first phase has to classify faults into catastrophic and acceptable; the test pattern generation has to produce test vectors able to cover all the catastrophic faults and, at the same time, to leave acceptable faults undetected; finally, the test set application needs to correctly classify AxICs under test into catastrophically faulty, acceptably faulty, fault-free. Only AxICs falling into the first group will be rejected. In this thesis, we thoroughly discuss the three phases of AxA testing, and we present a set of AxA test techniques for approximate circuits. Firstly, we work on the classification of AxIC faults into catastrophic and acceptable according to an error threshold (i.e. the maximum tolerable amount of error). This classification provides two lists of faults (i.e. catastrophic and acceptable). Then, we propose an approximation-aware (ax-aware) Automatic Test Pattern Generation. Obtained test patterns prevent catastrophic failures by detecting catastrophic defects. At the same time, they minimize the detection of acceptable ones. Finally – since the AxIC structure often leads to a yield gain lower than expected – we propose a technique to correctly classify AxICs into “catastrophically faulty”, “acceptably faulty”, “and fault-free”, after the test application. To evaluate the proposed techniques, we perform extensive experiments on state-ofthe-art AxICs
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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