1,720,967 research outputs found
Huvipoolte käsitlused põlevkivitööstusega seotud kogukonna jätkusuutlikkusest
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Euroopa kriisihaldajate praktikad kommunikatsiooniga seotud haavatavuse leevendamisel hädaolukordades
Full text linkVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneKommunikatsiooniprobleemid võivad muuta inimesed hädaolukordades haavatavamaks. Kriisihalduse kontekstis tähendab see, et puuduliku riski- ja kriisikommunikatsiooni tõttu on inimestel keerulisem langetada otsuseid ja toime tulla ohtudega enda elule, tervisele või varale. Doktoritöö analüüs põhines Hanssoni jt (2020) loodud kommunikatsiooniga seotud haavatavuste heuristilisel raamistikul, mille abil võeti vaatluse alla Euroopa kriisihaldajate praktikad kommunikatsiooniga seotud haavatavuste leevendamisel. Doktoritöö aluseks olevad andmed koguti kaheksas Euroopa riigis: Saksamaal, Itaalias, Belgias, Rootsis, Ungaris, Norras, Soomes ja Eestis. Neljast uuringust selgus, et teooria ja tegelikkus ei käi Euroopa kriisihalduses käsikäes – väärinfot (ühte olulist haavatavuse tegurit) ei käsitleta süsteemselt, selleks puuduvad juhendmaterjalid ning sellega seotud probleemidega tegelemisel lähtutakse pigem varasemast kogemusest. Samuti on puudulikud või puuduvad sootuks juhised sotsiaalmeedia kasutamiseks riski- ja kriisikommunikatsioonis. Kuigi sotsiaalmeedia kasutamise viise haavatavuse leevendamiseks on teoorias palju, jäi kaheksa riigi analüüsil sõelale vaid kuus haavatavuse vähendamise viisi, mida kriisihaldajad kasutanud on – ennetavate juhiste jagamine, hoiatamine ja häirete edastamine, inimeste murede kaardistamine, kadunud isikute otsimine, praktiliste juhiste jagamine hädaolukorra ajal, ja vabatahtlike kaasamine – nende rakendamine on riigiti ebaühtlane ja sõltub paljuski asutuste oskustest ja saadaolevatest vahenditest. Metoodilise panusena selgus doktoritöös, et ka lauaõppuse simulatsioonimeetodit on võimalik kasutada akadeemilises uurimistöös kommunikatsiooniga seotud haavatavuste ja asutuste võimelünkade tuvastamiseks. Selle väitekirja peamine järelm on, et kommunikatsioonitõrgetest tuleneva haavatavuse vähendamine on struktuurne institutsionaalne väljakutse. Kui juhised on puudulikud, praktikad juhuslikud ning õppused ei rajane tõenduspõhistel alustel, suurendab see väärinfo leviku, sotsiaalmeedia alakasutuse ja asutuste vähese koostöö tingimustes hädaolukordades inimeste haavatavust. Süsteemsed kommunikatsioonipraktikad ja läbimõeldud õppuste korraldamine aitavad paremini hädaolukordadeks valmistuda, neile reageerida ja neist taastuda – tugevdades nii institutsioonide kui kogu ühiskonna vastupanuvõimet.Inadequate communication can increase people’s vulnerability in disasters. In the context of disaster risk reduction, this means that limited access to, understanding of, or ability to act on information can hinder individuals’ capacity to protect their life, health, or property. This doctoral thesis applies the communication-related vulnerability framework developed by Hansson et al. (2020) to examine how disaster risk reduction institutions in Europe identify and mitigate such vulnerabilities. Empirical data were collected from eight European countries—Germany, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Norway, Finland, and Estonia—through document analysis, expert interviews, and a scenario-based table-top exercise. The four studies that this thesis is based on show a clear disconnect between theory and institutional practice. False information—one of the key situational factors of vulnerability—is not systematically addressed, guideline materials are largely missing, and practitioners often rely on individual experience. Similarly, the use of social media in disaster communication remains largely underregulated and informally arranged. Although existing literature outlines various strategies for leveraging social media in disaster communication, the comparative analysis identified six actual practices used by institutions across the eight countries: sharing educational guidelines, informing and warning the public, identifying citizens’ concerns, identifying missing persons, sharing guidelines during disaster, and organising volunteers. The extent to which these practices are applied depends on institutional arrangements, capacities, and available resources. As a methodological contribution, this thesis demonstrates that table-top exercises can serve as a practical research tool for identifying communication-related vulnerabilities and institutional capacity gaps. The main conclusion of the thesis is that communication-related vulnerability is, at its core, a structural institutional challenge. In the absence of clear guidelines, evidence-based training, or coordinated practices, institutions risk increasing vulnerability—especially through the unchecked spread of false information, the limited use of social media, and fragmented coordination. Systematically planned communication strategies and well-designed exercises can enhance preparedness, response, and recovery—ultimately contributing to more resilient institutions and societies.https://www.ester.ee/record=b575831
Handling false information in emergency management: A cross-national comparative study of European practices
No full textSten Torpan, Sten Hansson, Mark Rhinard, Austeja Kazemekaityte, Pirjo Jukarainen, Sunniva Frislid Meyer, Abriel Schieffelers, Gabriella Lovasz, Kati Orru, Handling false information in emergency management: A cross-national comparative study of European practices, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Volume 57, 2021, 102151, ISSN 2212-4209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102151 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420921001175)During emergencies, exposure to false information can increase individual vulnerability. More research is needed on how emergency management institutions understand the effects of false information and what are the various approaches to handling it. Our document analysis and 95 expert interviews in eight European countries – Ger-many, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Norway, Finland, and Estonia – show that approaches vary consider-ably: some have instituted central management of identifying and tackling false information while others prioritise the spreading of accurate information. A review of national practices and an analysis of recent crisis cases show that both approaches may be necessary. The diffusion of false information is strongly affected by the lack of timely and verifiable information from governments. We also find that in several countries, the emergence of false information is often associated with malicious foreign influence activities. Our study contributes to a better understanding of how the effects of false information are mitigated by the emergency management sys-tems in Europe.publishedVersio
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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