1,720,958 research outputs found
Reconfiguring the Kazakhstan Pension System: How Can Canadian and OECD Experience Be Helpful?
Get PDFThis study examines the current state of Kazakhstan’s public pension system, comparing its performance and asset structure to OECD countries. It highlights structural and regulatory issues within the national pension market that hinder adequate retirement savings for the population. A key concern is the low real rate of return by the national pension fund, potentially jeopardizing its ability to meet future retirement needs amidst rising inflation. The study analyzes the Canadian pension system as a model, showcasing a three-layer structure that fosters diverse sources of pension benefits, ensuring sustainable income for retirees. It recommends considering group (employer-based) and private (individual) registered pension programs, common in developed countries, to generate additional pension income. Supportive legal and tax frameworks are crucial to encourage participation in these programs. Drawing on Canadian and OECD experiences, the study offers suggestions for reconfiguring Kazakhstan’s pension system to enhance its performance and sustainability, ultimately leading to higher pension payouts for future retirees
Порівняльний стан ефективності пенсійної системи Казахстану: уроки політики з досвіду Канади
No full textThe study examines the current state of Kazakhstan public pension system in terms of its performance and asset structure as compared to that of the OECD countries as well as structural and regulatory issues confronting the national pension market as an impediment to ensuring adequate retirement savings of the population. The underlying issue to be addressed is current low real rate of return by the national pension fund, which translates into its future inability to provide for pension payouts that would meet retirement needs of the nation accounting for recent elevated inflation rates. As a likely solution, the paper investigates the Canadian pension system as a successful case of pension market ecosystem embodying a three-layer pension market structure that fuels diversified sources of pension payouts thus ensuring a sustainable flow of pension income to Canadian retirees. In particular, it advocates for introducing group (employer-based) and private (individual) registered pension programs of investments that have for long been adopted in developed countries demonstrating their effectiveness in generating substantial supplementary sources of pension income. As a prerequisite, favorable legislative and taxation frameworks should be adopted to secure motivation by both the employers and working citizens to contribute to the respective pension plans. By way of learning Canadian experience, suggestions as per prospective ways to reconfigure the Kazakhstan pension system are made that may solidify its overall performance and sustainability to ensure solid real rate of return and consequently adequate pension payouts to its future retirees.У дослідженні розглядається поточний стан державної пенсійної системи Казахстану з точки зору її ефективності та структури активів у порівнянні з країнами ОЕСР, а також структурні та регуляторні проблеми, з якими стикається національний пенсійний ринок як перешкода для забезпечення адекватних пенсійних накопичень населення. Основна проблема, яку необхідно вирішити, полягає в поточній низькій реальній нормі прибутку національного пенсійного фонду, що призводить до його майбутньої неспроможності забезпечувати пенсійні виплати, які б задовольнили пенсійні потреби нації, враховуючи останні високі темпи інфляції. Як вірогідне рішення, у роботі досліджується канадська пенсійна система як успішний випадок екосистеми пенсійного ринку, що втілює трирівневу структуру пенсійного ринку, яка живить диверсифіковані джерела пенсійних виплат, таким чином забезпечуючи стабільний потік пенсійного доходу для канадських пенсіонерів. Зокрема, він виступає за запровадження групових (на базі роботодавця) та приватних (індивідуальних) зареєстрованих інвестиційних пенсійних програм, які вже давно прийняті в розвинених країнах, демонструючи їх ефективність у створенні значних додаткових джерел пенсійного доходу. В якості передумови необхідно прийняти сприятливі законодавчі та податкові рамки для забезпечення мотивації як роботодавців, так і працюючих громадян робити внески у відповідні пенсійні плани. Вивчаючи канадський досвід, зроблено пропозиції щодо перспективних шляхів реконфігурації пенсійної системи Казахстану, які можуть зміцнити її загальну ефективність і стійкість для забезпечення стабільної реальної норми прибутку та, як наслідок, адекватних пенсійних виплат майбутнім пенсіонерам
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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