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Habitat selection of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) during the breeding season of ground-nesting birds
Get PDFThe raccoon dog is a highly invasive mammalian predator that threatens the nests of ground-nesting birds in Europe. In Finland, the raccoon dog is a more common nest visitor than any other native or invasive mammal species in the breeding habitats of waterbirds. Studying the habitat selection of the species is important to understand the nest predation risks caused by it. In my thesis, I studied the home ranges and habitat selection of the raccoon dog. My aims were to see if there were differences in the home ranges between three different Finnish landscape types and to investigate whether the spatial and temporal habitat preferences of raccoon dogs cause a particular risk for ground-nesting birds during the critical nesting period.
I used data from 26 GPS-collared raccoon dogs from three regions representing three landscape types: i) southern coastal region, ii) southern inland region and iii) Northern Finland. Both southern regions had seven collared individuals each and the northern region had 12 collared individuals. I estimated the home ranges of raccoon dogs using autocorrelated kernel density estimation (AKDE) and studied habitat selection using infinitely weighed logistic regression based resource selection functions (RSF). I compared home range sizes between the three regions. Habitat selection was studied during the breeding season of ground-nesting birds to get relevant information about the preferences when the risk for birds is highest. To study temporal differences in habitat selection, I compared the breeding season to the non-breeding season.
I found the home ranges to be the largest in Northern Finland. Raccoon dogs showed clear spatial and temporal preferences for wetlands as well as for peatlands. They also preferred the edge areas of agricultural fields, water bodies and forests more than the interior areas. Agricultural field edges were also one of the most used habitats in Northern Finland and in the southern coast. Raccoon dogs did not avoid any habitat in the coastal region. In the southern inland region, wooded peatlands, agricultural fields, built areas and roads were avoided. In Northern Finland, the most avoided habitat was open rock, while the riverbanks were among the most preferred. Raccoon dogs showed increased preferences for wetlands and peatland habitats during the breeding season when compared to the non-breeding season. Yet these habitats were not avoided during the non-breeding season either, they were just preferred less.
These findings support the hypothesis that the habitat preferences of the raccoon dog may influence the predation risk caused to wetland-associated ground-nesting birds. Since raccoon dogs prefer important bird nesting habitats during the breeding season, it increases the risk of encountering nests. The temporal preferences indicate that these habitats are especially preferred by raccoon dogs during the breeding season of birds. I conclude that while raccoon dogs are not specialists of water-associated habitats, they do use them more than expected by chance when available. In other words, the habitat preferences of raccoon dogs may cause a specific risk for ground-nesting birds in wetland and peatland habitats.Supikoira on Euroopan alueella haitallinen vieraslaji, joka uhkaa maassa pesivien lintujen pesiä. Suomessa supikoira on yleisempi vesilintujen pesillä vieraileva nisäkäs kuin mikään muu alkuperäinen tai vierasperäinen nisäkäslaji. Tässä tutkielmassa tutkin supikoirien elinpiirejä ja habitaatin valintaa sekä niiden eroja kolmen suomalaisen maisema-alueen välillä. Tavoitteeni oli selvittää, suosivatko supikoirat juuri linnuille tärkeitä habitaatteja niiden pesimäkaudella.
Tutkielmani aineisto koostuu 26 GPS-pannoitetusta supikoirayksilöstä kolmelta eri alueelta, jotka edustavat kolmea eri maisema-aluetta: i) eteläinen rannikkoalue, ii) eteläinen sisämaa-alue ja iii) Pohjois-Suomi. Eteläisiltä alueilta aineistossa oli seitsemän supikoirayksilöä kummaltakin alueelta ja pohjoisesta 12 yksilöä. Estimoin elinpiirit käyttäen autokorreloitunutta ydinestimointia (engl. autocorrelated kernel density estimation, AKDE), ja mallinsin habitaatinvalintaa käyttäen menetelmää ”infinitely weighed logistic regression”. Käytin elinpiirejä niiden kokojen vertailuun näiden kolmen maisema-alueen välillä sekä habitaatinvalinnan mallintamiseen. Tutkin habitaatinvalintaa lintujen pesimäkauden aikana ja vertasin sitä pesimäkauden ulkopuoliseen aikaan habitaatin ja kauden interaktiona.
Elinpiirit olivat suurimpia Pohjois-Suomessa. Supikoirat suosivat kosteikkoja ja turvemaita lintujen pesimäkauden aikana. Näitä kosteita habitaatteja suosittiin enemmän pesimäkauden aikana kuin sen ulkopuolella. Samoja habitaatteja suosittiin myös pesimäkauden ulkopuolella, mutta vähemmän kuin pesimäkaudella. Supikoirat suosivat peltojen, vesistöjen ja metsien reuna-alueita enemmän kuin niiden ydinalueita. Peltojen reuna-alueet olivat myös suosituimpia habitaatteja Pohjois-Suomessa ja eteläisellä rannikolla. Rannikkoalueella supikoirat eivät juuri välttäneet mitään habitaattia. Eteläisellä sisämaa-alueella ne välttivät puustoista turvemaata, peltoja, rakennettua aluetta ja teitä. Pohjois-Suomessa supikoirat välttivät eniten kalliomaata ja leveiden jokien avovesialueita, vaikkakin niiden rantoja suosittiin.
Nämä tulokset tukevat hypoteesia, jonka mukaan supikoirat suosivat linnuille tärkeitä pesimäympäristöjä, mikä lisää omalta osaltaan niiden aiheuttamaa pesäsaalistusiskiä. Supikoirat siirtyivät myös käyttämään näitä tärkeitä pesimäympäristöjä juuri pesimäkaudella enemmän kuin sen ulkopuolella, mitä saattaa osittain selittää pesien lisäämä houkuttelevuus. Johtopäätöksinä voin todeta, että supikoirat ovat habitaattigeneralisteja, mutta käyttävät kosteita habitaatteja enemmän kuin voisi olettaa sattumalta, jos näitä habitaatteja on supikoirille saatavilla. Toisin sanoen, tutkielmani tulokset tukevat erityisesti kosteikkojen ja turvemaide
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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