236 research outputs found
A Comparative Study of Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Performance of Different Grades of SiMo Nodular Cast Iron
No full textThis thesis is a comparative study of the Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF) performance of different grades of SiMo nodular cast iron for heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust gas manifold applications. The TMF performance of the current SiMo variant used to manufacture exhaust manifolds - SiMo 5.10 (C-3.25Si-4.45Mo-0.76), is compared with that of the variants SiMo 4.05 (C-3.22Si-4.66Mo-0.56) and SiMoNi (C-3.3Si-4.5Mo-1Ni-1.3) by performing three out-of-phase (OP) TMF test series under partial constraint conditions. A benchmark TMF test series in the temperature range: 50 ˚C to 550 ˚C with a hold time of 30 s at 550 ˚C showed that SiMo 5.10 had relatively better performance due to development of lower mechanical crack driving forces compared to other variants. However, a long holding time of 600 s at 550 ˚C saw a larger decrease of average TMF lifetimes for SiMo 5.10 than that of SiMo 4.05 despite similar crack driving forces. An investigation of the stress relaxation during TMF of the two variants showed that the SiMo 4.05 performs better during long hold time due to better stress relaxation properties. The SiMoNi variant which is very brittle at low temperatures was found to fail by a fracture by overloading mechanism taking over quite early in the fatigue cycle; which is confirmed by examination of the fracture surfaces and numerical estimations. This also explained the low lifetimes and scatter in previously performed TMF tests under total constraint conditions. The TMF test series performed in the temperature range: 150 ˚C to 550 ˚C with a hold time of 30 s at 550 ˚C found that a heat-treatment seemed to reduce the TMF performance of the SiMo 5.10 variant. Metallographic investigations and hardness measurements of as-cast and heat-treated materials revealed that the distribution of the Mo-rich phase from the grain boundary regions into the matrix due to an annealing heat-treatment seemed to affect the TMF performance.Materials Science and Engineerin
CCS development in Europe
No full textHiilidioksidin talteenotto ja varastointi mahdollistaa hiilidioksidipäästöjen poistamisen niiltä sektoreilta, joista se olisi muuten joko teknisesti tai taloudellisesti haastavaa. Tämän takia CCS-teknologian avulla voidaan todennäköisemmin saavuttaa haastavat ilmastotavoitteet niin Euroopassa, kuin myös muulla maailmassa.
Tässä kandidaatintyössä perehdytään erilaisiin hiilidioksidin talteenotto- ja varastointitekniikoihin, sekä tutkitaan, minkä takia CCS-teknologioilla voi olla merkittävä vaikutus ilmastotavoitteiden saavuttamiseen. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaiset kehitysnäkymät CCS-teknologialla on Euroopassa ja miten ne vertautuvat muiden johtavien CCS-alueiden kehitysnäkymiin.
Tutkielmassa havaittiin, että hiilidioksidin talteenottotekniikoista polton jälkeinen talteenotto on tällä hetkellä lupaavin tekniikka, sillä se on mahdollista yhdistää jo olemassa oleviin laitoksiin kohtuullisilla investointikustannuksilla. Tulevaisuudessa kuitenkin talteenotto hyödyntäen kalsiumkiertoa voi olla paras vaihtoehto sen halvempien kustannusten takia.
Lisäksi työssä havaittiin, että Euroopan CCS kehitys lähivuosina keskittyy vahvasti hiilidioksidin kuljetus- ja varastointi-infrastruktuurin laajentamiseen. Hiilidioksidin talteenottotekniikat saavat aikaa kehittyä kaupallisesti valmiiksi samalla, kun luodaan laajaa varastointi-infrastruktuuria, jolloin talteenottoinvestoinnit ovat tulevaisuudessa entistäkin houkuttelevimpia. Euroopan CCS kehitykseen vaikuttavat taloudellisen kannattavuuden kehityksen lisäksi vahvasti poliittiset päätökset, sekä päästökaupan ja siihen liittyvien osa-alueiden kehitys.Carbon capture and storage enables the removal of carbon dioxide emissions from sectors where it would otherwise be technically or economically challenging. For this reason, CCS technology can significantly increase the likelihood of meeting ambitious climate targets, both in Europe and globally.
This bachelor's thesis explores various carbon capture and storage techniques and investigates why CCS technologies may play a significant role in achieving climate goals. The purpose of the thesis is to examine the development outlook for CCS technology in Europe and how it compares to the prospects in other leading CCS regions.
The study found that post-combustion capture is currently the most promising carbon capture technique, as it can be integrated into existing facilities with relatively reasonable investment costs. However, in the future, calcium looping may become the preferred method due to its lower costs.
Furthermore, the thesis revealed that in the coming years, CCS development in Europe will focus heavily on expanding carbon dioxide transport and storage infrastructure. This allows capture technologies time to mature commercially while broad infrastructure is being built, making future capture investments even more attractive. In addition to the development of economic feasibility, political decisions, as well as the evolution of emissions trading systems and related fields, strongly influence the progress of CCS in Europe
Book Reviews: Cochlear Implants in Children: Ethics and Choices; Title: Ethics in Mental Health and Deafness
No full textTitle: Cochlear Implants in Children: Ethics and Choices
Authors: John B. Christiansen & Irene W. Leigh
Publisher: Gallaudet University Press, 2002
Cost: 65.00, hardcover
ISBN: 1-56368-120-X
Reviewer: Simo Vehma
Symbol Error Rate for Nonblind Adaptive Equalizers Applicable for the SIMO and FGn Case
No full textA nonzero residual intersymbol interference (ISI) causes the symbol error rate (SER) to increase where the achievable SER may not answer any more on the system's requirements. Recently, a closed-form approximated expression was derived by the same author for the residual ISI obtained by nonblind adaptive equalizers for the single-input single-output (SISO) case. Up to now, there does not exist a closed-form expression for the residual ISI obtained by nonblind adaptive equalizers for the single-input multiple-output (SIMO) case. Furthermore, there does not exist a closed-form expression for the SER valid for the SISO or SIMO case that takes into account the residual ISI obtained by nonblind adaptive equalizers and is valid for fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) input where the Hurst exponent is in the region of 0.5 ≤ < 1. In this paper, we derive a closed-form approximated expression for the residual ISI obtained by nonblind adaptive equalizers for the SIMO case (where SISO is a special case of SIMO), valid for fGn input where the Hurst exponent is in the region of 0.5 ≤ < 1. Based on this new expression for the residual ISI, a closed-form approximated expression is obtained for the SER valid for the SIMO and fGn case
Temporal Parallelization of Inference in Hidden Markov Models
No full textFunding Information: Manuscript received February 10, 2021; revised June 4, 2021 and July 26, 2021; accepted August 4, 2021. Date of publication August 12, 2021; date of current version September 3, 2021. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Dr. N. Dobigeon. This work was supported by Academy of Finland. (Corresponding author: Syeda Sakira Hassan.) Syeda Sakira Hassan and Simo Särkkä are with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]). Publisher Copyright: © 1991-2012 IEEE.This paper presents algorithms for the parallelization of inference in hidden Markov models (HMMs). In particular, we propose a parallel forward-backward type of filtering and smoothing algorithm as well as a parallel Viterbi-type maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) algorithm. We define associative elements and operators to pose these inference problems as all-prefix-sums computations and parallelize them using the parallel-scan algorithm. The advantage of the proposed algorithms is that they are computationally efficient in HMM inference problems with long time horizons. We empirically compare the performance of the proposed methods to classical methods on a highly parallel graphics processing unit (GPU).Peer reviewe
Onko eläimillä oikeuksia? : Eläinkoelainsäädännön kehitys ja nykytila
No full textThe use of animals in scientific experiments tends to arouse strong emotional reactions among the general public, the most essential concern being the pain and suffering they cause. It is felt that suffering inflicted on other beings, including animals, is not morally acceptable. Is the function of a researcher who uses animals morally acceptable and beneficial for humans and animals? May such a researcher him/herself decide what animal experiments he/she can perform or should some outsider have the right to decide what kind of experiments a researcher can or cannot perform?
The research material comprises the legislation of Finland and that of some member and non-member states of the European Union, together with European Union directives and pertinent preparatory parliamentary documents. The author has likewise studied the vast literature on animal rights, both pro and contra writings and opinions. The opinions of philosophers on the moral and legal rights of animals are markedly conflicting. Some strongly support the existence of rights, while others totally refute such an opinion, claiming that the question is only of the moral principles of man himself which imply that animals must be treated in a human manner. Speaking of animal rights only tends to muddle ideas on the one hand in philosophical considerations and in legal analyses on the other.
The development of legislation in Finland and some other member states of the European Union has in principle been similar. In Finland, the positive laws on animal experiments nowadays comply with the EU directive 86/609/EEC. However, there are marked differences between member states in respect of the way they have in practice implemented the principles of the EU directive. No essential alterations have in practice been discernible in the actual performance of animal experiments during the decades when legislation has been developed in different countries. Self-regulation within the scientific community has been markedly more effectual than legislative procedures. Legal regulation has nevertheless clearly influenced the quality of breeding and life conditions of experimental laboratory animals, cages for example being nowadays larger than hitherto.
EU parliament and council have now accepted in September 2010 a new directive on animal experiments which must be implemented in the national legislations by January 1, 2013.Eläinten käyttö tieteellisissä kokeissa on omiaan herättämään voimakkaita tunteita ja kannanottoja suuren yleisön keskuudessa. Keskeisin huolenaihe on kokeiden aiheuttama kipu ja tuska. Kärsimysten aiheuttamista toiselle yksilölle, mukaan luettuna eläimet, pidetään moraalisesti tuomittavana. Onko koe-eläimiä käyttävän tutkijan toiminta moraalisesti hyväksyttävää ja ihmis- ja eläinkunnan kannalta hyödyllistä? Voiko tutkija itse päättää, millainen eläinkoe on tarpeellinen ja hyödyllinen, vai onko joillekin muille ulkopuolisille annettava oikeus päättää, mitä eläinkokeita tutkija saa tehdä ja mitä hän ei saa tehdä?
Tutkimusaineistona on käytetty Suomen eläinsuojelulakeja ja asetuksia, eläinkoelakia ja sen käsittelyn eduskunta-asiakirjoja, Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltioiden eläinkokeita koskevia lakeja ja asetuksia, Euroopan unionin ja neuvoston direktiivejä ja asetuksia sekä niiden valmisteluasiakirjoja. Kirjoittaja on myös tutustunut laajaan ns. eläinten oikeuksia käsittelevään kirjallisuuteen, eläinten oikeuksia puolustaviin kannanottoihin ja niiden vastakirjoituksiin. Eri filosofien käsitykset eläinten moraalisista ja legaalisista oikeuksista ovat vastakkaiset. Toisten mukaan ne ovat olemassa. Toiset ovat sitä mieltä, että kyse on pelkästään ihmisen omista moraalisista käsityksistä, jotka velvoittavat kohtelemaan eläimiä humaanilla tavalla. Eläinten oikeuksista puhuminen sekoittaa käsitteitä, joita käytetään toisaalla filosofisissa pohdiskeluissa ja toisaalla oikeustieteellisissä analyyseissä.
Eläinkoelainsäädäntö on kehittynyt Suomessa ja muissa Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltioissa samansuuntaisesti. Suomessa lakien ja asetusten määräykset ovat nykyään hyvin voimassa olevan eläinkoetoimintaa koskevan EU:n direktiivin 86/609/ETY mukaiset. Kuitenkin Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltioiden välillä on huomattavia eroja siinä, miten ne ovat käytännössä toteuttaneet tämän direktiivin määräyksiä. Olennaisia muutoksia itse eläinkokeiden suorittamisessa ei ole tapahtunut niiden vuosikymmenien aikana, jolloin eläinkoelainsäädäntöä on kehitetty eri maissa. Tiedeyhteisön itsesäätely on ollut ratkaisevasti merkityksellisempää kuin lainsäädännölliset toimenpiteet. Eläinkokeita koskevat lait ja asetukset koe-eläinten kasvatusolosuhteista, kuten kasvatushäkkien koosta ja koe-eläinten yleisestä ylläpidosta, ovat parantaneet koe-eläinten elinoloja.
EU:n parlamentti ja neuvosto ovat nyt hyväksyneet syyskuussa 2010 uuden eläinkoedirektiivin, mikä on implementoitava kansallisiin lainsäädäntöihin 1.1.2013 mennessä.ei saavutettav
On the performance of subspace SIMO blind channel identification methods
No full textChannel Identification is an important part of wireless communication systems. Radio-Frequency (RF) signals are subject to reflection, refraction, and diffraction, attenuation, and other effects, that result in a distorted signal at a receiver, particularly over what are known as frequency-selective channels. Traditionally, such distortion is estimated using a ``training sequence" which is a known reference signal used to estimate, and then correct for, the distortion. However, use of training sequences is not always possible, for example in military applications where the source signal is not known, or in broadcast environments where there is a high cost of transmitting a signal. One potential solution is to estimate the channel blindly, that is, without knowledge of the transmitted signal. Blind Channel Identification (BCI) and Equalization has been a extensive topic of research since at least 1975. One strategy in Blind Channel Identification is to use the structure of the received signals in a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) system to estimate the channel. Research has occurred on a number of methods that exploit this in the past several decades. The subspace methods form the channel estimate in terms of a one-dimensional subspace constructed using the estimated second-order statistics of the received signals. Additionally, the use of sparsity in signal estimation has been a topic of interest as well, and has recently been used in certain cases to improve the robustness of the subspace methods in a number of works. In this thesis, the Cross-Relations and Noise-Subspace methods, both of which are SIMO BCI methods, as well as their sparse variant, are examined for a deterministic channel. The expected Normalized Projection Misalignment (NPM) is analytically approximated for all considered methods. In addition, it is compared to simulation results for a random source signal and several measured RF channels from earlier literature. Finally, the sensitivity of the sparse variant of the subspace methods as a function of the regularization parameter is studied using simulation for a set of measured RF channels from earlier literature.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Kareem Y. Bonn
The influence and mechanisms involving daf-16 and tol-1 on Bifidobacterium infantis-induced prolongevity and behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans
No full text"Simo ja pitkä talvi" -Satukirja surevalle lapselle varhaiskasvatustyön tukena
No full textIisalmen kaupungin päivähoidolla oli tarve helposti saatavilla olevalle satukirjalle, jonka aiheena on kuoleman suru. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli luoda satukirja, joka käsittelee kuoleman aiheuttamaa surua 4–6-vuotiaan lapsen elämässä. ”Simo ja pitkä talvi”-satukirja on tarkoitettu työvälineeksi ensisijaisesti varhaiskasvatuksen henkilöstölle. Opinnäytetyö on kaksiosainen, joka koostuu raportista ja satukirjasta. Liitteenä raportissa on satukirja, jonka tekijänoikeudet ovat kirjan tekijällä. Raporttiosio rakentuu aiheen teoreettisista lähtökohdista sekä satukirjan valmistumisprosessin vaiheista.
Opinnäytetyön toimeksiantajana on Iisalmen kaupungin päivähoito, jossa opinnäytetyön yhteyshenkilönä toimii kiertävä erityislastentarhanopettaja. Satukirja toimitettiin Iisalmen kaupungin kaikkiin 11 päiväkotiin,esiopetusryhmiin, perhepäivähoidon ohjaajalle sekä erityispäivähoidolle. Lapsen elämässä voi olla paljon surua aiheuttavia tekijöitä ja erityisesti kuolemasta on muotoutunut vieras asia, josta vanhempien ja kasvatuksen ammattilaistenkin voi olla vaikea puhua. On kuitenkin tärkeää, ettei lapsen suru jää taka-alalle, vaan lasta pystytään auttamaan hänen surutyössään varhaiskasvatuksessa.
Saduilla on aina ollut hoitava ja parantava tehtävä. Niitä käytetään käsiteltäessä menetyksiä, kriisiä ja traumaa etenkin lasten ja nuorten parissa. ”Simo ja pitkä talvi”-satukirjan sisältö pohjautuu suruun ja suremiseen liittyvään teoriaperustaan.
Kirjaprosessin toteutuksessa on hyödynnetty Jämsä ja Mannisen (2000) osaamisen tuotteistamisprosessin vaiheita. Prosessi koostuu viidestä vaiheesta, jotka ovat kehittämistarpeen tunnistaminen, ideointivaihe, luonnosteluvaihe, tuotteen kehittelyvaihe sekä tuotteen viimeistelyvaihe.Abstract
The children’s day care of Iisalmi town was in a need of an easily accessable story book with the theme of sorrow of death. The aim of the thesis was to write a story book that handles sorrow caused by death in the life of a child aged four to six years. “Simo ja pitkä talvi” story book’s mission is to be a tool in work and it is adressed primary to the staff of early childhood education.
The thesis has two parts: a report and a story book. The report is annexed with a story book, the copyright of which is owned by the author of the book. The report section is based on theoretical bases and the period of the process manufacturing the story book.
The applicant of the thesis is the children`s day care of Iisalmi town and the partner is the circulating special education kindergarten teacher. The story book was delivered to all the 11 kindergartens of Iisalmi town, to family day care-cordinator and to special education.
The story book was delivered to all the 11 kindergartens of Iisalmi town,to family day care-cordinator and to special education. There can be many factors that cause sorrow in life of a child and especially death is such an unfamiliar thing that parents and even professionals of education can find it difficult to talk. Yet it is important that sorrow of a child will not be put to the side, but the child can be helped in his mourning process in early childhood education.
Stories have always had a caring and healing mission. They are used when losses, crisis and traumas are treated especially among children and youths. The content of "Simo ja pitkä talvi" book is based on the theorybases of sorrow and mourning.
Jämsä and Manninen (2000) kowhow and realisation process periods have been used in the realisation process of the book. The process has five periods, which are: regocnition of improvement period, period of ideas, scketching period, elaboration period and finishing period
PRF Sampling Strategies for SwarmSAR Systems
No full textThe work investigates staggered and random PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) strategies for a close formation of small Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites operating in a multistatic configuration. The satellites are positioned within a fraction of the along-track critical baseline, hence allowing for the application of Displaced Phase Center image formation approaches. The performance of regular and random pulse sampling schemes is in particular assessed for a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) S-Band constellation, whose feasibility is further analyzed in relation to the number of satellites and their antenna size.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Optical and Laser Remote SensingMicrowave Sensing, Signals & SystemsMathematical Geodesy and PositioningAtmospheric Remote Sensin
- …
