12 research outputs found

    Operatsioonijärgne iiveldus ja oksendamine täiskasvanutel ja lastel

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    Operatsioonijärgne iiveldus ja oksendamine on sage kaebus pärast operatsiooni. Kuigi see laheneb enamasti ise ja on harva eluohtlik, on tegu anesteesia ja operatsiooni ebasoovitava ja ebameeldiva kõrvaltoimega. Riskitegurite tundmine ja riski hindamine erinevaid skoorisüsteeme kasutades on abiks operatsioonijärgse iivelduse ja oksendamise ennetamisel ning nende tekkimisel vaevuste leevendamisel ja ravis. Artiklis on antud ülevaade operatsioonijärgse iivelduse ja oksendamise riskidest, riskide hindamisest, tekkemehhanismidest, profülaktikast ja ravist

    The Author Replies Below

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    Rescuers Awareness of Electric Cars

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    Lõputöö teema on „Päästja teadlikkus elektriajamiga autodest“. Töös uuriti päästjate teadmisi elektriajamiga autodest ning milliseid teadmisi peaksid päästjad omandama. Päästjate teadmisi on vaja pidevalt täiendada, et ei jäädaks maha kiirest tehnikaarengust. Pigem olla ettenägelik ja valmistuda võimalikeks ohtudeks. Seega on vajalik, et teatakse, millise tehnikaga on tegemist ning millised on õiged võtted selle tehnikaga ümberkäimiseks. Töö koosneb kolmest osas. Esimeses osa kirjeldati elektriajamiga autosid ning nende võimalikke tehnilisi lahendusi, akupakki ja selle ehitust, võimalikke ohuallikaid, mis esinevad elektriajamiga autode juures. Töö teine osa sisaldab päästjatele vajalikke teadmisi, kuidas ümber käia elektriajamiga autode juures. Kuidas ära tunda, kus asuvad erinevad komponendid; kuidas toimub kõrgepingesüsteemi välja lülitamine. Samuti elektriajamiga auto kustutamisest, mida teha kui puututakse kokku elektrolüüdiga ning millised on vajalikud isikukaitsevahendid. Kolmandas osas on töö järeldused ja kokkuvõtted uuringu tulemustest, päästjate endi nimetatud murekohad ning töö autori ettepanekud, mis võimaldaks teadlikkust tõsta. Üheks oluliseks osaks on elektriajamiga autode ära tundmine, võimalike ohtude ära tundmine ja kuidas selliste autodega väljakutsel on ohutu ümber käia. Samuti kus asuvad autode erinevad komponendid, milleks on akupakk, elektriajam, kõrgepingekaablid, ohutuspistikute asukohad ning muud autodel olevad turvasüsteemid. Päästjad omavad mõningasi teadmisi elektriajamiga autodest, kui see pole piisav, et õnnetustel lahendada sündmusi turvaliselt. Selleks soovitab töö auto viia läbi koolituse, mis hõlmab endas praktilisi harjutusi, mis aitaksid uusi teadmisi kinnitada. Lõputöös selgus, et elektriajamiga autod toovad mõned lisaohud, mida varem pole olnud. Nendeks on võimalus saada kõrgepingesüsteemist elektrilöök ning võimalikud põlengud, mis nõuavad suuremaid ressursse kui praeguseni on harjutud. Samuti mõnda uut lisavarustust ning isikukaitsevahendeid.The topic of the bachelor’s thesis is "The Rescuers Awareness of Electric Cars". The work examined the rescuers knowledge of electric cars and what knowledge rescuers should acquire. The knowledge of rescuers needs to be constantly improved in order not to get behind the rapid technical development. Rather, be foresighted and prepared for potential dangers. It is therefore necessary to know what the technique is and what the right techniques are for dealing with it. The work consists of three parts. The first part described electric cars and their possible technical solutions, battery pack and its construction, possible sources of danger that occur with electric cars. The second part of the work contains the necessary knowledge for rescuers on how to handle electric cars. How to recognize and know where different components are located and how to turn off the high voltage system. Also about extinguishing an electric car, what to do if you come into contact with the electrolyte and what kind of personal protective equipment is needed. The third part contains the conclusions and summaries of the results of the thesis, the concerns mentioned by the rescuers themselves and the suggestions of the author of the work, which would raise the awareness. One important part is recognizing electric cars, recognizing potential hazards, and how to safely handle the challenge with such cars. Also where the various components of the cars are located, which are the battery pack, electric drive, high voltage cables, locations of safety plugs and other safety systems in the cars. Rescuers generally have knowledge of electric cars, but that is not enough to solve accidents safely in the event of an accident. To this end, the work author recommends that training be carried out, which includes practical exercises that would help to validate the new knowledge. Thesis revealed that electric cars bring some additional dangers that have not existed before. These include the possibility of receiving an electric shock from a high-voltage system and possible fires that require more resources than have been used to date. Also some new accessories and personal protective equipment

    Laboratory technician's handbook

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    Labori tehnikul on teedeehituses vähetunnustatud, ent tähtis roll. Korrektselt teostatud laborikatsed võimaldavad tõestada materjali omadusi ning tuvastada puudujääke materjalide kvaliteedis. Praktika on näidanud, et teedeehituse valdkonnas töötavad inimesed ei ole tihtipeale kursis materjalidele laboris teostatavate katsete käigu ega eripäradega. Katsestandardid on küll üsna mahukad ja üksikasjalikud, kuid mahukuse ja suure hulga tõttu on neid tülikas pidevalt kasutada. Käesolev juhend koondab endas küll vaid osa Eestis tee-ehitusmaterjalidele tehtavate katsetest, kuid on koostatud eesmärgiga olla valdkonnaga seotud inimesele abimaterjaliks. Korrektselt läbi viidud laborikatsed on muutunud aasta-aastalt üha tähtsamaks seoses materjalidele kehtestatud nõuete karmistumisega. Objektilt laborisse jõudnud proovide põhjal tehakse tähtsaid otsuseid ning oskus õigesti proove võtta ning katsetada on muutunud väga tähtsaks. Töös olevad katsejuhendid on koostatud hetkel Eestis kehtivate katsestandardite põhjal. Igale katsejuhendile on lisatud autoripoolsed kommentaarid ja näpunäited konkreetse katse teostamise kohta. Katsemetoodikate valik on tehtud nende kasutamise leviku põhjal. Valikut mõjutas ka autori isiklik kokkupuude konkreetsete katsetega. Kuigi iga ettevõte koostab oma töötajatele harilikult ise tööjuhendid, on ühtse lihtsustatud juhendmaterjali loomine ja kasutuselevõtt abiks materjali kvaliteedi kontrollimisel. Ühise juhendi põhjal teostatud katsed võimaldavad ka erinevatel laboritel samadele materjalidele tehtud katsete tulemusi omavahel võrrelda ja erinevuste põhjal avastada vigu. Korrektsete katsetega kontrollitud ja tõestatud omadustega materjalide kasutamine teede ehitamisel pikendab oluliselt teede vastupidavust ning kasutusaega.„LABORATORY TECHNICIAN’S HANDBOOK“ The aim of this thesis is to form an up-to-date manual to laboratory technicians working in road construction companies and laboratories. Correctly executed laboratory tests are essential to prove the quality and attributes of materials used in road construction. Use of high quality materials leads to better performance and longer lifetime of roads. Practice has shown that people involved in road construction are not always aware how tests on materials are carried out or how samples are taken. This manual aims to improve the situation. The formed manual consists of guides to perform tests on bituminous binders, aggregates and asphalt mixtures. Instructions for taking and reducing material samples are also included. Special attention has been payed to differet work carried out on the field like core drilling. Manuals for each type of laboratory test are based on the corresponding valid standards used in Estonia at the moment. Each test description has commentary and tips added by the author based on personal experience. This manual does not aim to replace the currently valid standard, but is intended to be a helpful back-up material for people new to material testing

    EVALUASI PENERAPAN ELEMEN PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL COSO, DALAM AKTIVITAS PEMELIHARAAN PERALATAN PENUNJANG FASILITAS PT. SAWOKEMBAR GALERIA YOGYAKARTA

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    The study aims to evaluate the implementation of internal control elements of COSO in the maintenance activities of facility supporting equipments at PT Sawokembar Galeria Yogyakarta. It was conducted to determine whether the application of internal control components for the maintenance of facility supporting equipments has been feasible based on the criteria of the five internal control components stipulated by COSO. The study was conducted at PT. Sawokembar Galeria Yogyakarta, commonly referred to as Galeria Mall, as shopping center located on Jalan Jendral Sudirman 99-101, Yogyakarta. The data was obtained from observation of the suitability for the practice of internal control element application in the maintenance of facility supporting equipments at PT. Sawokembar Galeria Yogyakarta. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are several internal control components at Galeria Mall that are incompatible with the criteria stipulated by COSO. Therefore, the author provides several recommendations for repair and maintenance department in relation to the implementation of equipment maintenance control activities

    Analisa Strategi Change Management pada penerapan Standarisasi Kebijakan Operasional perkebunan kelapa sawit menggunakan Implementasi System ERP (Studi pada PT ABC)

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    PT. ABC is a line of business engaged in the integrated oil palm plantation, located in Pangkalan Bun, Kotawaringin West, Central Kalimantan. PT ABC produces palm oil and palm kernel oil (CPO and PK). In addition to managing its own plantations, PT ABC also develop plasma plantations and Partnerships. The revenue received by the PT ABC is derived from sales of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel (PK) per year. Other income comes from the sale of seeds and derived products (shells) to external parties. Operational policies that are not standard across enterprises palm oil plantations causes an increase in operating costs and a decline in the quality of the production of crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel (PK). PT ABC create and implement standardized operational policies supported by the implementation of a new ERP system. Standard operational policies that can be used as a guideline to regulate the provision of the company's operations in order to provide operational certainty and order in payment of salary / premium and sanctions related to the operations of oil palm plantations in the neighborhood of PT ABC. Companies implementing ERP system support the completion and implementation of standardized operating policies. Operational policy and enforced standardization may improve control, performance and quality production. But the change in operational policy which is supported by the implementation of a new ERP system may lead to resistance from employees when not using a proper change management strategy. The author analyzed whether PT ABC has been using change management strategies that are optimal in implementing standardized operating policies using the implementation of the new ERP system, so as to reduce resistance and improve performance and quality production for the company. The research is descriptive qualitative analysis carried out on the information that can be through the results of questionnaires, interviews with informants, internal company memo operational policies, records, and other data relating to the implementation of standardized operating policies using the new ERP system implementation. From the analysis that has been done, it is concluded that: Change in management strategies are not optimal learned for the implementation of the ERP system for PT. ABC. Thus leading to high resistance to the successful completion of implementation. In terms of business risk, the magnitude of the risk of loss is very large, because the company has to pay a large amount of investment in the implementation of a new ERP system and implementation of standardized operating policies

    Development of the national standard EVS 901-20:2013 for measuring permeability in laboratory tests

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    Ebapiisava dreenivusega pinnaste kasutamisest tingitud kahjusid on võimalik ära hoida kasutades dreenkihis kvaliteetseid ja nõuetele vastavaid piisava filtratsiooniga materjale. Maanteeameti kui ka teeehitusettevõtete huvides on, et dreenkihti paigaldatud materjali omadused oleksid määratud usaldusväärse ja reaalse olukorraga vastavuses oleva meetodiga, vältimaks ebakvaliteetse materjali kasutamisest tingitud teede eluea vähenemist ning sellega kaasnevat majanduslikku kahju kõikidele osapooltele. Uurimuse käigus selgus, et EVS 901 -20:2013 meetodi probleemidele on võimalik mõningate täienduste näol leida lahendust. Töö autor tegutses täienduste väljatöötamisel võimalikult suures kooskõlas kehtiva standardiga, et ei oleks tarvis ümber muuta juba sätestatud põhimõtteid. Läbiviidud katsete abil sai autor väga põhjaliku nägemuse probleemi olemist ning sellega kaasnevalt tekkis koostoos juhendajaga mitmeid ideid, mis oleksid kindlasti väärt edasiarendamist ja täiendavat uurimist ning katseid. Uuringu jooksul sai selgeks, et filtratsioonimooduli määramiseks ei piisa üksikutest materjali omaduste tundmisest, vaid usaldusväärsete katsetulemuste leidmiseks tuleb arvesse kindlasti vaadata materjali terviklikult. Selgus, et pealtnäha väga sarnastel materjalidel võib olla täiesti erinev filtratsioonimoodul. Seetõttu tuleks katsetamisel alati arvesse võtta materjali iseärasusi. Kokkuvõttes sai autori hinnangul kõige määravamaks aspektiks filtratsioonimooduli määramise laboratoorse katse juures tihendamismeetodi sobivus. Kui tihendamise käigus rikutakse materjali struktuuri ja tekitatakse mitte-homogeenne keskkond, siis ei ole sel viisil tihendatud proovil määratud filtratsioon enam tõepärane. Kui muuta tihendamismeetod löök-tihendamiselt vibratsiooniga tihendamisele eemaldades lisaks ka proovikeha põhjast umbes 20 mm paksuse kiht, on võimalik tagada reaalne filtratsioonimooduli väärtus ning seeläbi sobiksid praegusega võrreldes palju enamad Eesti karjääride kruusad ja liivad dreenkihi ehituseks. Lõputöö autor soovib tänada igasuguse abi eest kõiki uuringusse panustanud inimesi, kelleks olid: Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli teede ja liikluse teadus-ja katselaboratooriumi töötajad: Hardo Pajus, Urmo Pappel ja Innar Metsala, kellega koos sooritas töö autor kõik uuringus läbiviidud katsed. 58 Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli teede ja liikluse teadus-ja katselaboratooriumi juhataja: Kristjan Lill, kes võimaldas kasutada labori katseseadmeid, õpetas töö autorile selgeks katsete teostamise ning panustas ka uute katse ideede väljatöötamisse. Maanteeameti teedearenguosakonna projektijuht: Karli Kontson, kes aitas välja töötada uusi meetodeid nii, et need oleksid sobivuses Maanteeameti nõuetega. Tallinna Tehnikakõrgkooli lektor ja käesoleva lõputöö juhendaja: Sven Sillamäe, kelle suunamisel kõik uued katsemeetodid välja töötati.The author of the thesis decided to research and develop the subject because the method of measuring the pearmeability for drainage materials in Estonia has currently been under high attention and the need for developing a better method for it is essential. Since the year 2013, when the current National Standard EVS 901 -20:2013 was devised the National Road Administrations development compartment in cooperation with Tallinn University of Technology and Tallinn University of Applied Sciences have conducted many researches to find a better and optimal method for the previously described matter. In order to ensure the expected life-span of a road every layer in it needs to be made of high quality construction materials. The most important characteristic for drainage course next to bearing capacity is its ability to deposit and lead out water from the road structure. If water stays inside the road for too long it will start to weaken the whole structure thus it is very important that the material in drainage course would be able to fill its task of leading out the water fast enough. According to this it is very important that the laboratory methods for determing the materials properties are accurate and reliable. During the thesis the author describes how measuring the permeability of sands and gravels is done according to EVS 901 -20:2013 and what are the problems that occure during the process. The main focuses are on two problems of the method. The first one is evaluating the compaction method and its suitability for permeability tests and the second one is about the particle size of the gravels that is used for permeability testing. In order to solve the compaction issue that is currently causing the genesis of separate layers with different levels of density which has a negative effect on the permeability properties author decided to replace the current dynamic hammer compaction method with compacting by vibration and a static load with an additon of removing a small proportion (7,5 mm) of the test specimens bottom layer. Tests carried out during the research have proven that applying the method of compacting with vibration and removing 60 the bottom layer permeability of the materials was improved and the method itself is in better correlation with the situation in construction sites where compacting is usually done by vibrating plates and rollers. For the second problem of involving a bigger proportion of the material for large grained gravels in permeability testing the author designed a new and bigger test device that was able to include fraction 0/16 instead of the currently used 0/4. Also there has been a big misconception that including larger grain particles into permeability testing for gravels would increase the value of permeability. After carrying out a number of tests which included a variety of natural and artificial gravels, it has been revealed that by adding coarse grains to permeability testing the value of permeability was significantly decreased. The author of the thesis estimates that both of the new methods are appliable in the local road construction field but definitely need further research and more tests in order to standardize them for future usage. Finally the author wishes to thank everyone who contributed to this research with their time and effort: The staff of Tallinn University of Technologies road construction laboratory: Hardo Pajus, Urmo Pappel and Innar Metsala, who helped with carrying out the laboratory tests. The head of Tallinn University of Technologies road construction laboratory: Kristjan Lill, who enabled the usage of his laboratories equipment, taught the author how to carry out laboratory tests and helped developing new test methods. National Road Administrations development compartments project manager: Karli Kontson, who helped developing new test methods so they would be appliable for current requirements. Tallinn University of Applied Sciences lecturer and the supervisor of the thesis: Sven Sillamäe, who came up with most of the ideas for the development of the new methods

    Una ventana a la ciudad. Bibliografía de orientación en la Puebla de los Angeles, siglos XIX y XX. Historias. Revista de la Dirección de Estudios Históricos. Num. 24 (1990) abril-septiembre

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    1 Alejandra Moreno Toscano (coord.),Ciudad de México: ensayo de construcción de una historia, México, 1978, SEP-INAH, Colección Científica, núm. 61, p. 5.2 Richard M. Morse, "Las ciudades latinoamericanas y el proceso de urbanización" y "Prolegómenos a la hlstoria urbana latinoamericana", ambos en Las ciudades latinoamericanas. I Antecedentes, México, SepSetentas, 1973, núm . 96, pp. 9-77 y 79-121, "Patrones de la Urbanización latinoamericana, 1750-1920: aproximaciones y generalizaciones", en Las ciudades latinoamericanas. II Desarrollo histórico, México, SepSetentas, 1973, núm. 97, pp. 9-55. Jorge Enrique Hardoy y Carlos Tobar, La urbanización en América Latina, Buenos Aires, Ed. del Instituto, 1969. J. E. Hardo y y R.P. Schaedel, El proceso de urbanización en América desde sus orígenes hasta nuestros días, Buenos Aires, Ed. del Instituto, 1969. Alejandra Moreno Toscano (coord.), Ciudad de México... op. cit., y "Cambios en los patrones de urbanización en México", en Historia Mexicana, México, COLMEX, vol. XXIl(2), núm. 86, pp. 160-187. F. Bedarida, "The Growth of the Urban History in France. Some Methodological Trends", en H. J. Dyos, The Study of Urban History, 1968-1971. Louis Bergeron y Marcel Roncayolo, "La historiografía urbana en Francia, siglos XVIII y XIX", informe al coloquio "De la ciudad pre-industrial a la ciudad industrial", Nápoles, 1973 (trad. Seminario de Historia Urbana , DEH-INAH). Jean Claude Perrot, Genese d'une ville moderne. Caen au XVIIle siècle, París-La Haya, 1972, Mouton, 2 vols.3 En 1752 aparecieron, arreglados para 1753, los calendarios de José Mariano de Medina y de Juan Antonio de Rivilla y Barrientos , que se encuentran en la Biblioteca CONDUMEX. El segundo se publicó mínimamente por siete años consecutivos, según afirma José de Mendizábal en su almanaque para 1901, p. 138 (véase nota 5).4 Para citar el ejemplo más extremo baste decir que para la capital del país, el calendario de Mariano Galván Rivera, que sigue publicándose año con año, data de 1827. En Puebla, el calendario religioso de mayor duración ha sido el de José María Osorio, que apareció en 1864 y continuó cuando menos hasta 1946.5 Ellos son José de Mendizábal, Moisés Herrera y Germán Hernández Tapia, y sus obras son las siguientes, respectivamente: Almanaque de efemérides del Estado de Puebla, publicado desde 1888 basta 1933 con excepción de 4 años. Bibliografía de obras referentes al Estado de Puebla, s.p.i. Bibliografía poblana de geografía e historia del Estado, México, 1962, editada por el Grupo Literario "Bohemia Poblana" y el Gobierno del estado. Como se expresa al referir el contenido de sus almanaques, Mendizábal tiene el mérito de publicar, en ocho de ellos, un recuento comentado de los calendarios y almanaques publicados para Puebla basta 1917. Aunque omite las guías y los directorios, su recuento ha sido de gran utilidad para la e laboración de esta bibliografía. La obra de Herrera también fue útil porque en ella se comentan casi todos los calendarios arreglados para Puebla entre la tercera década del siglo XIX y la quinta del XX. En la de Hernández Tapia se citan muchos de los títulos referidos por los dos anteriores autores y otros de publicación posterior a las obras de éstos, con la feliz circunstancia de no excluir las guías y los directorios, como en el caso de aquéllos.En México la historia urbana es un campo del quehacer del investigador que cuenta apenas con unas cuantas décadas de existencia. Su punto de partida hay que buscarlo a fines de los cuarenta y principios de los cincuenta, cuando aparecieron los primeros ensayos que ponían énfasis en los problemas que planteaba la urbanización de la ciudad de México. En las dos siguientes décadas el interés por el estudio histórico de las ciudades mexicanas alcanzó gran importancia. El espectacular y desordenado crecimiento de la ciudad de México y de algunas ciudades del interior del país suscitaron estudios sobre la conformación y el desarrollo histórico de nuestros espacios urbanos. Economistas, sociólogos, urbanistas, ántropólogos, geógrafos Y otros especialistas, tanto nacionales como extranjeros, comenzaron a examinar los distintos aspectos que han intervenido en el crecimiento de las ciudades mexicanas

    Constituents from ripe figs of Ficus vallis-choudae Delile (Moraceae) with antiplasmodial activity

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    Chouna HSD, Dize D, Kagho DUK, et al. Constituents from ripe figs of Ficus vallis-choudae Delile (Moraceae) with antiplasmodial activity. Parasitology Research. 2022.Ripe figs, barks, and wood of Ficus vallis-choudae are used in traditional medicine against several conditions including nausea and malaria. However, its use is still to be scientifically documented and validated. Hence, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of the dichloromethane-methanol (DCM-MeOH (1:1)) crude extract, their hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanoli fractions, as well as the isolated chemical constituents. The chemical study of the DCM-MeOH (1:1) crude extract of F. vallis-choudae figs led to the isolation of fifteen (15) known compounds identified based on their spectroscopic data [one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry] and by comparison of these data with those reported in the literature. Some of the isolated compounds were assessed in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 (Pf3D7) and multidrug-resistant Dd2 strains. The dichloromethane fraction exhibited very good antiplasmodial activity against both strains with IC50 values of 13.86mug/mL and 8.18mug/mL, respectively. Among the tested compounds, wighteone (2) was the most active against P. falciparum 3D7 (IC50=24.6±1.5muM) and Dd2 (IC50=11.9±2.4muM) strains. The obtained results could justify the traditional uses of F. vallis-choudae against malaria. Wighteone appears to be the most active ingredient. However, further consideration of this compound as starting point for antimalarial drug discovery will depend upon its selectivity of action towards Plasmodium parasites. HIGHLIGHTS: 15 (fifteen) compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane-methanol extract of Ficus vallis-choudae. Their structures were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data. The dichloromethane fraction showed promising activities on the Pf3D7 and PfDd2 strains with IC50 values of 13.86 and 8.18g/mL, respectively. Wighteone was the most active compound against PfDd2 (IC50=11.9±2.4muM). © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

    Nous manuscrits de l’obra mèdica d’Arnau de Vilanova

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    This article is a first presentation of the results obtained by reviewing the manuscripts of Arnau de Vilanova’s medical works in the development of the Arnau BD database, in which the codices of the corpus attributed to this medieval physician are collected. Our review has allowed not only to gather the previously known witnesses of Arnau’s medical writings in a single resource, but also to discover 36 manuscripts containing one or more of his texts that had gone unnoticed in the prior scholarship on this author.[ca] Aquest article és una primera presentació dels resultats obtinguts en el procés de revisió dels manuscrits de l’obra mèdica d’Arnau de Vilanova en el marc del desenvolupament de la base de dades Arnau BD dedicada a recopilar els còdexs del corpus atribuït a aquest metge medieval. La nostra revisió ha permès no tan sols reunir en un sol recurs els testimonis coneguts prèviament dels escrits mèdics d’Arnau sinó també descobrir 36 manuscrits amb un o més textos seus que havien passat desapercebuts en els estudis arnaldians anteriors
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