26 research outputs found
Kinstate intervention in ethnic conflicts : Albania and Turkey compared
No full textAlbania and Turkey did not act in overtly irredentist ways towards their ethnic brethren in neighboring states after the end of communism. Why, nonetheless, did Albania facilitate the increase of ethnic conflict in Kosovo and Macedonia, while Turkey did not, with respect to the Turks of Bulgaria? I argue that kin-states undergoing transition are more prone to intervene in external conflicts than states that are not, regardless of the salience of minority demands in the host-state. The transition weakens the institutions of the kin-state. Experiencing limited institutional constraints, self-seeking state officials create alliances with secessionist and autonomist movements across borders alongside their own ideological, clan-based and particularistic interests. Such alliances are often utilized to advance radical domestic agendas. Unlike in Albania's transition environment, in Turkey there were no emerging elites that could potentially form alliances and use external movements to legitimize their own domestic existence or claims
Reassuring NATO: Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Western Alliance
No full textAgainst the background of the changing Russian and East European attitudes toward NATO before and since the end of the Cold War. This Study examines the origins of the alliance's enlargement and the implications for its cohesin and ability to act. The author recommends suspending the enlargement after the admission of Poland, the best qualified candidate
SYMBOLIC POLITICS AND THE ACEHNESE ETHNIC WAR IN INDONESIA
No full textThe ethnic war in Aceh territory killed 13.000 to 50.000 of people and it remains
problematic, especially in the 1950s, 1970s, and the end of 1990s. This thesis explores
whether the symbolic politics theory of ethnic war, which was originally designed to
explain conflict in the post-Communist societies of Eastern Europe, is also successful for
explaining ethnic war and the subsequent peace in areas like Aceh where traditional
social structures continued to exist. Facts support the hypotheses of symbolist theory. On
the first two cases, myths justifying hostility were strong on both sides of the Acehnese
and the Javanese Indonesian national government, the result of decades of conflict
between Javanese national authorities and the Acehnese societies in Aceh territory.
Ethnic fears, opportunity reasons, hostile feelings, chauvinist mobilization by ethnic
elites, and security dilemma dynamics were also taken into account on the Acehnese
ethnic conflict. On the other hand, the symbolist theory is also effective for explaining
ethnic subsequent peace in the reform period (1998-recent). Hostile myths and fears did
present, but the violence did not emerge because both elites chose not to let the conflict
continues. The opportunity to mobilize for both elites did not present and therefore
hostile mass conflict did not escalate. Recognizing this unique conflict involves
identifying the patterns of their attachment to the traditional social structures, the
sultanates and the ulama (the Islamic scholar).
Konflik ethnis di wilayah Aceh telah membunuh 13.000 sampai 50.000 orang dan
tetap problematic, terutama pada tahun 1950an, 1970an, dan pada akhir tahun 1990an.
Tesis ini menganalisis apakah teori simbolik politik dalam konflik atau perang etnis, yang
pada awalnya dirancang untuk menjelaskan perang etnis dalam masyarakat post-Komunis
di Eropa Timur, juga sukses menjelaskan perang etnis dan perdamaian di daerah-daerah
seperti Aceh yang struktur sosial tradisionalnya tetap ada. Fakta-fakta menunjukkan
terbuktinya hipotesis teori simbolis. Dalam dua studi kasus pertama, mitos yang
menjustifikasi permusuhan sangat kuat pada kedua belah pihak antara orang Aceh dan
pemerintah Jawa Indonesia, hasil dari beberapa decade konflik antara otoritas nasional
Jawa dan masyarakat Aceh di wilayah Aceh. Ketakutan etnis, alasan kesempatan,
perasaan permusuhan, mobilisasi cauvinis oleh para elit etnis, dan dinamika dilemma
keamanan juga turut berkontribusi dalam menjelaskan konflik etnis Aceh. Pada sisi lain,
teori sombolis juga efektif untuk menjelaskan perdamaian sesudah perang pada periode
reformasi (1998-sekarang). Mitos permusuhan dan ketakutan memang terlihat, tapi
kekerasan tidak terjadi karena elit dari kedua belah pihak memilih untuk tidak
membiarkan konflik tidak berlanjut. Kesempatan utk memobilisasi bagi elit dari kedua
belah pihak tidak terlihat dan oleh karena itu konflik permusuhan massa tidak tereskalasi.
Mengenali keunikan konflik ini mencakup pengidentifikasian pola-pola keterkaitan
mereka pasa struktur social tradisional, ulama dan sultan
Dataset for Bibliometric Analysis of Mexican Scientific Production on Artificial Intelligence
No full text<p><span>This is the database analyzed in the article <strong>Mexican scientific production on Artificial Intelligence: a bibliometric analysis. </strong>It was collected from the Open Alex <span>(OurResearch, 2022) an</span> open-access bibliographic catalog, during September 2023. It consists of 13,265 records divided into six main AI subfields. Each file corresponds to a subfield. It can be opened in a spreadsheet such as MS Excel, Google Sheets or others. The database format corresponds to that of Bibliometrix, a full package for Science Mapping Workflow (<a href="https://www.bibliometrix.org/home/"><span>https://www.bibliometrix.org/home/</span></a>). </span></p>
<p><span>Data was collected trough OpenalexR <span>(Aria et al., 2023), and processed with tidytext, ggplot2, tidyr y dplyr R libraries (de Queiroz et al., 2023; Wickham et al., 2023a; Wickham, 2023b; Wickham et al.,2023c). The code is available at https://github.com/ObservatorioCtsMx/OpenAlex-con-R/blob/main/Bibliometria_de_la_IA_enMexico.R</span></span></p>
<p>This project is funded by Conahcyt, Postdoctoral Stays in Mexico. This work was also carried out with the support of the Support Program for Research and Technological Innovation Projects (PAPIIT) of UNAM IN302623 “Indicators on science and technology in the context of Open Science”.</p>
<p><span>References</span></p>
<p><span>de Queiroz, Gabriela, Colin Fay, Emil Hvitfeldt, Os Keyes, Kanishka Misra, Tim Mastny, Jeff Erickson, David Robinson, Julia Silge. 2023. «tidytext: Text Mining using “dplyr”, “ggplot2”, and Other Tidy Tools». </span><span><a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidytext/index.html"><span>https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidytext/index.html</span></a>.</span></p>
<p><span>OurResearch. 2022. OpenAlex https://openalex.org/</span></p>
<p><span>Wickham, Hadley, Winston Chang, Lionel Henry, Thomas Lin Pedersen, Kohske Takahashi, Claus Wilke, Kara Woo, Hiroaki Yutani, Dewey Dunnington, y RStudio. 2023a. «ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics». https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggplot2.</span></p>
<p><span>Wickham, Hadley, Davis Vaughan, Maximilian Girlich, Kevin Ushey, Posit, y PBC. 2023b. «tidyr: Tidy Messy Data». https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidyr/index.html.</span></p>
<p><span>Wickham, Hardley, Romain François, Lionel Henry, Kiril Muller y Davis Vaughan. 2023c. «dplyr package». https://dplyr.tidyverse.org.</span></p>
The problem of the Hungarian borders and minorities in British foreign political thought, 1938-41
No full textThis thesis analyses the British official attitudes and the gradual change of British policy towards Hungary and Hungarian revisionism in the period from the Anschluss in March 1938 to December 1941, when the British government declared war on Hungary. The primary focus of this thesis lies in the impact of Hungary`s territorial claims on British policy towards Hungary and Central Europe and upon the criteria Britain judged the territorial gains of Hungary between 1938 and 1941. This work is the result of the author`s research in British, American and Hungarian archives, along with his reflection on numerous documentary editions, diaries, memoirs and secondary sources. It aims to deepen our knowledge of Anglo-Hungarian relationship, British Central European policy and the British view of regional territorial disputes. At the same time, it is keen to dispel the myths and stereotypes of the British and Hungarian historiography, which have so far viewed Hungary as an unimportant factor in British Central European strategy
CtpB Assembles a Gated Protease Tunnel Regulating Cell-Cell Signaling during Spore Formation in Bacillus subtilis
No full textSpore formation in Bacillus subtilis relies on a regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) pathway that synchronizes mother-cell and forespore development. To address the molecular basis of this SpoIV transmembrane signaling, we carried out a structure-function analysis of the activating protease CtpB. Crystal structures reflecting distinct functional states show that CtpB constitutes a ring-like protein scaffold penetrated by two narrow tunnels. Access to the proteolytic sites sequestered within these tunnels is controlled by PDZ domains that rearrange upon substrate binding. Accordingly, CtpB resembles a minimal version of a self-compartmentalizing protease regulated by a unique allosteric mechanism. Moreover, biochemical analysis of the PDZ-gated channel combined with sporulation assays reveal that activation of the SpoIV RIP pathway is induced by the concerted activity of CtpB and a second signaling protease, SpoIVB. This proteolytic mechanism is of broad relevance for cell-cell communication, illustrating how distinct signaling pathways can be integrated into a single RIP module
ropensci/drake: drake transformed
No full textVersion 7.0.0
Breaking changes
<ul>
<li>The enhancements that increase cache access speed also invalidate targets in old projects. Workflows built with drake <= 6.2.1 will need to run from scratch again.</li>
<li>In <code>drake</code> plans, the <code>command</code> and <code>trigger</code> columns are now lists of language objects instead of character vectors. <code>make()</code> and friends still work if you have character columns, but the default output of <code>drake_plan()</code> has changed to this new format.</li>
<li>All parallel backends (<code>parallelism</code> argument of <code>make()</code>) except "clustermq" and "future" are removed. A new "loop" backend covers local serial execution.</li>
<li>A large amount of deprecated functionality is now defunct, including several functions (<code>built()</code>, <code>find_project()</code>, <code>imported()</code>, and <code>parallel_stages()</code>; <a href="https://github.com/ropensci/drake/issues/564">full list here</a>) and the single-quoted file API.</li>
<li>Set the default value of <code>lock_envir</code> to <code>TRUE</code> in <code>make()</code> and <code>drake_config()</code>. So <code>make()</code> will automatically quit in error if the act of building a target tries to change upstream dependencies.</li>
<li><code>make()</code> no longer returns a value. Users will need to call <code>drake_config()</code> separately to get the old return value of <code>make()</code>.</li>
<li>Require the <code>jobs</code> argument to be of length 1 (<code>make()</code> and <code>drake_config()</code>). To parallelize the imports and other preprocessing steps, use <code>jobs_preprocess</code>, also of length 1.</li>
<li>Get rid of the "kernels" <code>storr</code> namespace. As a result, <code>drake</code> is faster, but users will no longer be able to load imported functions using <code>loadd()</code> or <code>readd()</code>.</li>
<li>In <code>target()</code>, users must now explicitly name all the arguments except <code>command</code>, e.g. <code>target(f(x), trigger = trigger(condition = TRUE))</code> instead of <code>target(f(x), trigger(condition = TRUE))</code>.</li>
<li>Fail right away in <code>bind_plans()</code> when the result has duplicated target names. This makes <code>drake</code>'s API more predictable and helps users catch malformed workflows earlier.</li>
<li><code>loadd()</code> only loads targets listed in the plan. It no longer loads imports or file hashes.</li>
<li>The return values of <code>progress()</code>, <code>deps_code()</code>, <code>deps_target()</code>, and <code>predict_workers()</code> are now data frames.</li>
<li>Change the default value of <code>hover</code> to <code>FALSE</code> in visualization functions. Improves speed.</li>
</ul>
Bug fixes
<ul>
<li>Allow <code>bind_plans()</code> to work with lists of plans (<code>bind_plans(list(plan1, plan2))</code> was returning <code>NULL</code> in <code>drake</code> 6.2.0 and 6.2.1).</li>
<li>Ensure that <code>get_cache(path = "non/default/path", search = FALSE)</code> looks for the cache in <code>"non/default/path"</code> instead of <code>getwd()</code>.</li>
<li>Remove strict dependencies on package <code>tibble</code>.</li>
<li>Pass the correct data structure to <code>ensure_loaded()</code> in <code>meta.R</code> and <code>triggers.R</code> when ensuring the dependencies of the <code>condition</code> and <code>change</code> triggers are loaded.</li>
<li>Require a <code>config</code> argument to <code>drake_build()</code> and <code>loadd(deps = TRUE)</code>.</li>
</ul>
New features
<ul>
<li>Introduce a new experimental domain-specific language for generating large plans (#233). Details <a>here</a>.</li>
<li>Implement a <code>lock_envir</code> argument to safeguard reproducibility. See <a href="https://github.com/ropensci/drake/issues/615#issuecomment-447585359">this thread</a> for a demonstration of the problem solved by <code>make(lock_envir = TRUE)</code>. More discussion: #619, #620.</li>
<li>The new <code>from_plan()</code> function allows the users to reference custom plan columns from within commands. Changes to values in these columns columns do not invalidate targets.</li>
<li>Add a menu prompt (<a href="https://github.com/ropensci/drake/pull/762">https://github.com/ropensci/drake/pull/762</a>) to safeguard against <code>make()</code> pitfalls in interactive mode (<a href="https://github.com/ropensci/drake/issues/761">https://github.com/ropensci/drake/issues/761</a>). Appears once per session. Disable with <code>options(drake_make_menu = FALSE)</code>.</li>
<li>Add new API functions <code>r_make()</code>, <code>r_outdated()</code>, etc. to run <code>drake</code> functions more reproducibly in a clean session. See the help file of <code>r_make()</code> for details.</li>
<li><code>progress()</code> gains a <code>progress</code> argument for filtering results. For example, <code>progress(progress = "failed")</code> will report targets that failed.</li>
</ul>
Enhancements
<ul>
<li><strong>Large speed boost</strong>: move away from <code>storr</code>'s key mangling in favor of <code>drake</code>'s own encoding of file paths and namespaced functions for <code>storr</code> keys.</li>
<li>Exclude symbols <code>.</code>, <code>..</code>, and <code>.gitignore</code> from being target names (consequence of the above).</li>
<li>Use only one hash algorithm per <code>drake</code> cache, which the user can set with the <code>hash_algorithm</code> argument of <code>new_cache()</code>, <code>storr::storr_rds()</code>, and various other cache functions. Thus, the concepts of a "short hash algorithm" and "long hash algorithm" are deprecated, and the functions <code>long_hash()</code>, <code>short_hash()</code>, <code>default_long_hash_algo()</code>, <code>default_short_hash_algo()</code>, and <code>available_hash_algos()</code> are deprecated. Caches are still back-compatible with <code>drake</code> > 5.4.0 and <= 6.2.1.</li>
<li>Allow the <code>magrittr</code> dot symbol to appear in some commands sometimes.</li>
<li>Deprecate the <code>fetch_cache</code> argument in all functions.</li>
<li>Remove packages <code>DBI</code> and <code>RSQLite</code> from "Suggests".</li>
<li>Define a special <code>configeval <- new.env(parent = configenvir)</code> for storing built targets and evaluating commands in the plan. Now, <code>make()</code> no longer modifies the user's environment. This move is a long-overdue step toward purity.</li>
<li>Remove dependency on the <code>codetools</code> package.</li>
<li>Deprecate and remove the <code>session</code> argument of <code>make()</code> and <code>drake_config()</code>. Details: <a href="https://github.com/ropensci/drake/issues/623#issue-391894088">https://github.com/ropensci/drake/issues/623#issue-391894088</a>.</li>
<li>Deprecate the <code>graph</code> and <code>layout</code> arguments to <code>make()</code> and <code>drake_config()</code>. The change simplifies the internals, and memoization allows us to do this.</li>
<li>Warn the user if running <code>make()</code> in a subdirectory of the <code>drake</code> project root (determined by the location of the <code>.drake</code> folder in relation to the working directory).</li>
<li>In the code analysis, explicitly prohibit targets from being dependencies of imported functions.</li>
<li>Increase options for the <code>verbose</code> argument, including the option to print execution and total build times.</li>
<li>Separate the building of targets from the processing of imports. Imports are processed with rudimentary staged parallelism (<code>mclapply()</code> or <code>parLapply()</code>, depending on the operating system).</li>
<li>Ignore the imports when it comes to build times. Functions <code>build_times()</code>, <code>predict_runtime()</code>, etc. focus on only the targets.</li>
<li>Deprecate many API functions, including <code>plan_analyses()</code>, <code>plan_summaries()</code>, <code>analysis_wildcard()</code>, <code>cache_namespaces()</code>, <code>cache_path()</code>, <code>check_plan()</code>, <code>dataset_wildcard()</code>, <code>drake_meta()</code>, <code>drake_palette()</code>, <code>drake_tip()</code>, <code>recover_cache()</code>, <code>cleaned_namespaces()</code>, <code>target_namespaces()</code>, <code>read_drake_config()</code>, <code>read_drake_graph()</code>, and <code>read_drake_plan()</code>.</li>
<li>Deprecate <code>target()</code> as a user-side function. From now on, it should only be called from within <code>drake_plan()</code>.</li>
<li><code>drake_envir()</code> now throws an error, not a warning, if called in the incorrect context. Should be called only inside commands in the user's <code>drake</code> plan.</li>
<li>Replace <code>*expr*()</code> <code>rlang</code> functions with their <code>*quo*()</code> counterparts. We still keep <code>rlang::expr()</code> in the few places where we know the expressions need to be evaluated in <code>config$eval</code>.</li>
<li>The <code>prework</code> argument to <code>make()</code> and <code>drake_config()</code> can now be an expression (language object) or list of expressions. Character vectors are still acceptable.</li>
<li>At the end of <code>make()</code>, print messages about triggers etc. only if <code>verbose >= 2L</code>.</li>
<li>Deprecate and rename <code>in_progress()</code> to <code>running()</code>.</li>
<li>Deprecate and rename <code>knitr_deps()</code> to <code>deps_knitr()</code>.</li>
<li>Deprecate and rename <code>dependency_profile()</code> to <code>deps_profile()</code>.</li>
<li>Deprecate and rename <code>predict_load_balancing()</code> to <code>predict_workers()</code>.</li>
<li>Deprecate <code>this_cache()</code> and defer to <code>get_cache()</code> and <code>storr::storr_rds()</code> for simplicity.</li>
<li>Change the default value of <code>hover</code> to <code>FALSE</code> in visualization functions. Improves speed. Also a breaking change.</li>
<li>Deprecate <code>drake_cache_log_file()</code>. We recommend using <code>make()</code> with the <code>cache_log_file</code> argument to create the cache log. This way ensures that the log is always up to date with <code>make()</code> results.</li>
</ul>
juliasilge/tidytext: tidytext 0.2.6
No full textMove one vignette to pkgdown site, because of dependency removal
Move all CI from Travis to GH action
ropensci/drake: Fully custom target names in static branching
No full textVersion 7.12.1
Bug fixes
Repair subtarget_hashes.cross() for crosses on a single grouping variable.
Repair dynamic group() used with specialized formats (#1236, @adamaltmejd).
Enforce tidyselect >= 1.0.0.
New features
Allow user-defined target names in static branching with the .names argument (#1240, @maciejmotyka, @januz).
Enhancements
Do not analyze dependencies of calls to drake_plan() (#1237, @januz).
Error message for locked cache gives paste-able error message in Windows (#1243, @billdenney).
Prevent stack traces from accidentally storing large amounts of data (#1253, @sclewis23)
