130,647 research outputs found
FIGURE 16 in Description of two new species, Aphanolaimus strilliae n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphanolaimidae) and Makatinus africanus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aporcelaimidae), and SEM observations on three known species from freshwater sources in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga, South Africa)
No full textFIGURE 16. Scanning electron micrograph of Neotobrilus ampiei (Joubert & Heyns, 1979) Tsalolikhin, 1981; A) Lateral view of anterior end showing amphid (a); long cephalic setae (lcs), short cephalic setae (scc) and labial papillae (lp); B) Anterior end showing long cephalic setae (lcs), short cephalic setae (scc) and labial papillae (lp) and liplets (l); C) Close up of long cephalic setae (lcs) and labial papillae (lp), arrows indicating the opening of the sensory organs; D) Arrow indicating lateral cord; E) Ventral side of body showing vulva.Published as part of Girgan, Chantelle, Marais, Mariette, Fourie, Hendrika, Tiedt, Lourens & Swart, Antoinette, 2019, Description of two new species, Aphanolaimus strilliae n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphanolaimidae) and Makatinus africanus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aporcelaimidae), and SEM observations on three known species from freshwater sources in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga, South Africa), pp. 201-234 in Zootaxa 4651 (2) on page 227, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/336308
Compared to other crimes, law enforcement closes warrants for sex crimes and violent crimes more quickly
No full textFor many crimes there is often a gap between when an arrest warrant is issued, and when a suspect is apprehended by law enforcement authorities. In new research using data from the National Crime Information Center Database, Sarah W. Craun and Andrew D. Tiedt analyze the time it takes for a warrant to be closed for various types of crimes. They find that while most warrants are closed in a little over a month, warrants for child pornography, child exploitation and violent crimes were more likely to be closed more quickly, as were those which allowed for full extradition or extradition from adjacent states
Steinernema jeffreyense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa
No full textDuring a non-targeted survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in South Africa, a new species of Steinernema was isolated from a soil sample collected from underneath a guava tree, close to the shore at Jeffrey's Bay. The nematode was isolated by means of the insect-baiting technique using last-instar larvae of Galleria mellonella. It is described herein as Steinernema jeffreyense n. sp. The nematode can be separated from other described, closely related species in terms of the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the different life stages, and in terms of the characterization and phylogeny of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA of the 18S gene, and of the D2D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene. The new species is placed molecularly in the arenarium–glaseri–karii–longicaudatum group characterized by the following morphological characters: infective third-stage juvenile with a body length of 926 (784–1043) μm, distance from head to excretory pore of 87 (78–107) μm, tail length of 81 (50–96) μm, with an E% of 109 (86–169), and eight evenly spaced ridges (i.e. nine lines) in the middle of the body. First-generation males have a spicule length of 88 (79–95) μm and gubernaculum length of 57 (51–61) μm. Male mucron is absent in both generations. First-generation females have an asymmetrical protuberance and a short, double-flapped epiptygmata, with both flaps directed to the front. The tail of the first-generation female is shorter than the anal body width, with a mucron on the dorsal tail tip, with D% = 78 (59–99). Cross-hybridization with S. khoisanae, S. tophus and S. innovationi showed the new species to isolate reproductively from the others. The analyses of ITS rDNA and D2D3 sequence of the 18S and 28S rDNA genes support the studied nematode isolate to be a valid new species belonging to the ‘glaseri’ group (Clade V
FIG.1 in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species
No full textFIG.1. — Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, adult, SEM with cerotegument: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, frontal view; D, lateral view inclined; E, humeral apophysis and bothridia, lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 100 μm; B-D, 10 μm; E, 1 μm.Published as part of Fernandez, Nestor, Theron, Pieter, Rollard, Christine & Tiedt, Louvrens, 2013, Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species, pp. 551-579 in Zoosystema 35 (4) on page 554, DOI: 10.5252/z2013n4a8, http://zenodo.org/record/516539
FIG. 3 in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species
No full textFIG. 3. – Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, adult scanning electron micrographs: A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, sensillus and humeral apophysis,antero-lateral view;D, sensillus,posterior view.Abbreviations:see Material and methods.Scale bars:A-C,10 μm; D, 1 μm.Published as part of Fernandez, Nestor, Theron, Pieter, Rollard, Christine & Tiedt, Louvrens, 2013, Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species, pp. 551-579 in Zoosystema 35 (4) on page 557, DOI: 10.5252/z2013n4a8, http://zenodo.org/record/516539
Congocepheus ektactesi Fernandez & Theron & Rollard & Tiedt 2013, n. sp.
No full textCongocepheus ektactesi n. sp. (Figs 11-18; Table 2) ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet is derived from the exceptional characteristic found in this species; “ ektactesi ” derives from έκτακτες (Grec = extraordinary). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype: 1 ♀, Makokou, Ogoové-Ivindo Province, 0°34’0”N, 12°52’0’’E, 500 m. altitude; dense evergreen humid forest; Y. Coineau coll. I.1974 (MNHN). Paratypes: same date as Holotype and preserved in ethanol 70%; 3 ♀♀ (MNHN), 4 ♀♀ (MHNG), 3 ♀♀ (NMP); 6 ♀♀ not deposited, used for SEM. TYPE LOCALITY. — Makokou, Ogoové-Ivindo Province, north-eastern Gabon; situated at 0°34’0”N, 12°52’0’’E. DIAGNOSIS (ADULT FEMALE). — Setae; lanceolate-rugous; one medial vein: ro, in, c 1, c 2, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3, ad; le; lanceolate-dentate; in directed outwards; c 2, directed forwards; c 1, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2 directed backwards; p 1, p 2, p 3, h 3 directed backwards and down; epimeric: simple: aggenital, with three long pectines; genital and anal: simple, basally somewhat inflated. Prodorsum; polyhedral; elevated interlamellar process, medially elevated, with three zones; two paraxial and one medial; large medial cuticular ribbon separating shallow lamellar furrow, deeper than usual; lamellar tip, short polyhedral apex; superior cornea of naso present; bothridial opening laterally; bothridial ring smooth, incomplete with bothridial tooth. Arching uncinate sensillus. Notogaster; posterior oval; medial zone more or less rectangular; finger like projection clearly visible, smooth flat digitiform expansion. Polyhedral notogastral anterior depression, deep; two inclined lines delimiting posterior part, originating in the proximity of anterior zone of finger like projection; anterior part extending forwards reaching prodorsum; large central zone bordered by conspicuous depressed zones on both sides; clearly discernible polyhedral humeral apophysis; circumgastric furrow easily discernible. Infracapitulum; transversal depression anterior to subcapitular seta h. Elevated cuticular ribbons delimiting epimera; epimeral chaetotaxy 3-1-3-3; discidium triangular, rounded apex expansion; anterior genital furrow well discernible; four pairs of genital setae; two pairs of anal setae; anal plate with small sharp tip; aggenital, adanal and anal setae present; several medium-depth polyhedral depressions laterally to genital opening and anteriolaterally to anal opening; lyrifissure adanal, not discernible. Legs: trochanter III, paraxially with a crown of small spines, three spines almost dorsally. DESCRIPTION Measurements SEM: 475 Μm (470-498) × 237 Μm (221-243) (material used for SEM studies not deposited). Light microscopy: 480 Μm (476-502) × 240 Μm (233-242). Shape Elongate oval (Figs 11A; 13D). Colour Specimens without cerotegument, dark brown to brown; slightly shiny when observed in reflected light. Cerotegument Specimens covered by thin layer, following cuticular irregularities, permitting observation of integumental characteristics. Behind c 2 setae, cerotegument granulate (Fig. 11C). Dirt present, generally on l.l.f (Fig. 15C) and a.g.f (Fig. 14A). Integument Prodorsal microsculpture; foveate (Fig. 15E): lamellae, e.i.p, bothridial and rostral area (Fig. 15 A-D); smooth: l.l.f (Figs 12E; 15A, D) zone between l.l.f; (Figs 12E; 15A, D); zone surrounding ro; CSO and in setal insertions (Figs 11A; 15A, C, D). Notogastral microsculpture; large irregular fovea: dorsal zone (Figs 11A, B, D; 13D; 15A; 16B, C, D); foveate: h.ap, and zone between h 1 setal insertions (Figs 12E; 16B); smooth: n.a.d, zone in front of c 1, la setal insertion (Figs 15A, 16C); f.l.p (Figs 11A, C, E; 15A; 16C); behind lp, h 2, h 1 insertion to s.c (Fig. 16B). Lateral microsculpture; foveate: lamellae; zone below tu; Pd I, superior part well defined and below less so, gradually becoming smooth; Pd II faintly defined but visible (Figs 12E; 13A; 16A, B); smooth: behind legs and zone of large polyhedral depressions (Fig. 13A). Ventral microsculpture; foveate: infracapitulum, zone surrounding and slightly behind subcapitular seta h insertion (Fig. 14B); epimeric paraxial zone (Figs 13D; 14A) faintly defined; genital plate anterior zone, faintly defined (Fig. 13C); between adjacent polyhedral depressions, rarely present; smooth: infracapitulum, anterior part (Figs 13C; 14B); antiaxial epimeric zone; genital plate; posterior zone; anal plate and zone of large polyhedral depression (Figs 13C; 14A, C). Setation Lanceolate; ro, in, c 1, c 2, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3, ad, all with more or less rugousdentate margin (Figs 12 A-E; 13 A, D; 14 G; 15 A-D; 16 B, C) and one clearly visible medial vein, but in slightly inclined observation, there are several faint lines parallel to medial vein (Fig. 11D); ro setae forward directed (Figs 12E, 13A; 15A, C, D); in outwards directed (Figs 12E; 13D; 15 A-D); le lanceolate-dentate (Figs 12E; 17C); c 2 forward directed (Figs 13A, D; 15A; 16C); c 1, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2 backwards directed (Figs 11A, B, D; 13A, D; 15A; 16 A-C; 17 A, B); p 1, p 2, p 3, h 3 backwards directed and down (Figs 13A; 16B). Notogastral setae c 1, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, more or less of even width and length; c 2 thin, similar length to other notogastral setae as cited above; h 1, h 2 slightly narrower and shorter than other seta cited above (Fig. 16B), but size and lengths are variable (Figs 11B; 17A, B); h 3, p 3, p 2, p 1 thin and smallest of all notogastral setae (Figs 11A; 13A; 16B). Adanal (Fig. 14A, G); ad 1, ad 2 largest. Simple; epimeric (Fig. 14F), more or less of equal length; but setae 1a, 1c, 2a and in several cases 3c and 4c hardly discernible, generally broken (Figs 13C; 14A). Aggenital; with long pectins, generally three (Figs 13C, 14E). Genital and anal simple, basally slightly inflated (Figs 13C; 14C, H). Prodorsum Polyhedral (Figs 11; 13D; 15A, D); e.i.p medially elevated (Figs 11A; 13; 15A; 16 A-C); in setal insertion zone most prominent part of e.i.p (Figs 11A; 15A, B). Backwards to in setal level, prodorsal structure complex; two paraxial zones (p.zo) and one medial zone (m.zo) are clearly delimited (Figs 15A; 16C); m.zo triangular to polyhedral shape, delimited laterally by elevated cuticular ribbon (l.c.r); cuticular rectilinear ribbon (m.c.r) in medial zone, delimiting two concave zones (Figs 16B, C); posterior of m.zo rectilinear. The p.zo situated laterally to m.zo; zones adjoining l.c.r large and concave (Figs 16B, C). Anterior part of e.i.p from in setal insertion, presenting deep l.l.f, separated by large medial cuticular ribbon (Figs 15A, D); l.l.f ending in front of in the la.ti (Fig. 15C); CSO situated in the anterior part of medial cuticular ribbon, between ro setae insertions, smooth ovoid structure (dorsal view) and convex (in lateral view) (Fig. 15C, D); la.ti polyhedral, short apex (Figs 15C; 17C). Rostral anterior margin round-lobed (Figs 12E; 15C). Lamellae running dorso-laterally.Bothridial opening lateral, (Figs 13A; 16A, B; 17D); bo.ri smooth, incomplete; bo.to sharp tip clearly visible (Fig. 17D); si uncinate, arching (Fig. 17D). Notogaster Shape (dorsal view): oval (posterior zone); rectangular (medial zone); concave (anterior zone); polyhedral (laterally, zone h.ap) (Figs 11A; 13D); lateral view:convex elevated; polyhedral (zone h.ap) (Figs 13A; 16A); d.sj hardly discernible, narrow, concave (Fig. 13D). Notogastral anterior depression (n.a.d), deep, complex structure; pair of inclined lines delimiting posterior zone, originating in the proximity of anterior zone of f.l.p (Figs 11C; 15A; 16C); in frontal view (Fig. 15A), these two lines delimiting a triangular depression, extending laterally to h.ap. Anterior zone extending forwards and exceeding d.sj up to posterior zone of prodorsum, given a complex polyhedral shape (Figs 11C; 15A). At the bottom a large polyhedral middle zone, bordered on both sides by a deep zone (Fig. 11C, indicated by arrow) (see Lateral Region). Humeral apophysis, polyhedral structure (Figs 11A; 13D; 16C). Fourteen pairs of setae (c 1, c 2, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3), f.l.p, well visible (Figs 11A, C, E; 13D; 15A; 16C). Circumgastric furrow well discernible (Figs 11A; 13D; 16B; 17A, B). Lateral region (Figs 13A; 16A, B) Prodorsum; e.i.p slightly elevated. Lam well discernible, terminating in polyhedral la.ti extending slightly towards le setae insertion (Fig. 17C); tu a curving rod-like cuticular thickening, clearly delimited; s.tu.d deep, easily visible. Pedotectum I, prominent extended lamina, directed forward. Pedotectum II, ovoid to polyhedral lamina, medium size, situated slightly behind acetabulum II, posterior part in contact with trochanter III. Discidium discernible between acetabula III and IV. Bothridia ovoid to polyhedral; bothridial opening lateral; bo.ri smooth, incomplete with prominent bo.to (Fig. 17D). Large rectangular to polyhedral humeral apophysis; anterior rectilinear, penetrated by posterior bothridial zone. This last zone very complex (Fig. 13B). Excavated depression on h.ap clearly visible (Fig. 13A, indicated by arrow); s.c excavated, easily discernible (Fig. 16B). Lyrifissures not discernible (see Remarks). Several conspicuous polyhedral depressions behind acetabulum IV. Posterior aspect (Figs 16B; 17A, B) Elevated interlamellar process, in setae, bothridium, posterior zone of prodorsum and posterior prodorsal ornamentation clearly visible (Fig.16B). Notogastral setae, h.ap, s.c and notogastral microsculpture easily discernible. Ventral region Different observation angles and dispositions are necessary for properly understanding the ventral region. (Figs 13C; 14A; 17B); in flat observation (Figs 13C; 14A) elevated and depressed areas clearly discernible.Subcapitulum (Fig. 14B) with transverse depression immediately in front of seta h. Epimera clearly delimited but it is impossible to establish if delimitations elevated or depressed (Fig. 13C, optical observation).Epimera 3 and 4 fused.Epimera clearly discernible as slightly depressed more or less flat areas Epimeral chaetotaxy 3-1-3-3; dis triangular, rounded apical expansion; a.g.f medium depth, situated towards the front of genital plate. Four pairs of genital setae; two pairs of anal setae. Anal plate with small sharp tip (Figs 13C; 14C, D). Aggenital setae situated posterolaterally to genital plate. Three pairs of adanal setae situated on elevated zone between contiguous depressions (Figs 14A; 17B). Adanal and aggenital setae more or less of equal lengths, different shapes (see Setation). Several polyhedral depressions (medium depth) laterally to genital opening and anterolaterally to anal opening (Figs 14A; 17B). Lyrifissure iad not discernible (see Remarks). Legs (Fig. 18 A-D) All legs monodactyle.Setal formulae I (1-3-2-4-15) (1-2-2); II (1-4-3-3-15) (1-1-2); III (2-3-1-2-(14-15) (1-1-0); 1-2-2-2-(12-13) (0-1-0). Tarsus III and IV with in some cases one additional seta (see Remarks). Several aspects, hardly discernible in optical microscopy, had to be confimed by SEM studies, such as: presence of d setae on tibia I near solenidium φ 2 and the famulus (ε) situated between solenidia ω 1 and ω 2 (Fig. 17E), confirmed by SEM; claw with a tooth ventrally and slight dentition laterally and ventrally (Fig. 17F). Trochanter III particular, with a crown of small spines (Fig. 18F, indicated by single arrow) on cuticular paraxial thickenings (Fernandez et al. 2013a) and a series of three spines situated almost dorsally (Fig. 18F, indicated by double arrow), exceeding the trochanteral margin and clearly visible antiaxially (Fig. 18E) (see Discussion). REMARKS Very fine dirt on these specimens complicated SEM and optic microscopy studies as it prevented observation of details of microsculpture and lyrifissures. In some cases, dirt was attached to setae surfaces and altered their shapes (epimeric setae for example). We found size variations amongst setae; in is largest in most cases; but in some specimens interlamellar and notogastral setae were of equal size; setae h 1 and h 2 presented large variation from equal in size to very small in comparison to other notogastral setae. We found variation in numbers of tarsal chaetotaxy of legs III and IV, similar to that found in C. gabonensis n. sp.Published as part of Fernandez, Nestor, Theron, Pieter, Rollard, Christine & Tiedt, Louvrens, 2013, Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species, pp. 551-579 in Zoosystema 35 (4) on pages 566-578, DOI: 10.5252/z2013n4a8, http://zenodo.org/record/516539
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Congocepheus gabonensis Fernandez & Theron & Rollard & Tiedt 2013, n. sp.
No full textCongocepheus gabonensis n. sp. (Figs 6-10; Table 1) ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet is derived from Gabon, where the type species was collected. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype: 1 ♀, Makokou, North-eastern Ogoové-Ivindo Province, 0°34’0”N, 12°52’0’’E, 500 m. altitude, dense evergreen humid forest, Y. Coineau coll. I.1974 (MNHN). Paratypes: same date as holotype and preserved in ethanol 70%; 3 ♀♀ (MNHN), 3 ♀♀ (MHNG), 3 ♀♀ (NMP), 6 ♀♀ not deposited, used for SEM. TYPE LOCALITY. — Makokou, North-eastern Ogoové-Ivindo Province, 0°34’0”N, 12°52’0’’E. DIAGNOSIS (ADULT FEMALE). — Setae:rostral, interlamellar, notogastral and adanal, lanceolate rugous-dentate margin; ro, with two medial longitudinal veins; others with one medial longitudinal vein, ro directed inwards; in curving backwards; fourteen pairs of notogastral setae; c 2 directed forwards; others directed backwards; epimeric, aggenital, sub-capitular setae, simple; anal setae spiniform; genital setae spiniform, basally inflated. Prodorsum; polyhedral, anterior margin rounded; prominent elevated interlamellar process. Notogastral anterior depression deep, exceeding d.sj, extending to posterior part of prodorsum; shallow lamellar furrow deep, large, horse-shoe shaped with large elevated cuticular ribbon in central zone; ro insertion; anterior rounded end of horseshoe-shaped area; cornea superior naso present, surrounded by deep furrow; robust rounded lamellar tip. Bothridial opening laterally, directed slightly backwards; bothridial ring incomplete, bothridial tooth present. Sensillus uncinate. Humeral apophysis ovoid; anterior tip penetrating posterior bothridial zone. Notogaster; posterior oval, anterior rectangular; clearly visible finger-like projection situated between c 1 setae; circumgastric furrow delimiting two zones; central and lateral; elevated central zone with polyhedral depression pattern and c 1, la, lm, lp, h 2, h 1 setae inserted; lateral zone curving, smooth, with h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3 setae inserted. Tutorium; curving rod-like cuticular thickening; supratutorial depression deep; anterior and posterior tutorial depression pockets, present. Pedotecta I, II, discidium. Ventral region; epimera 1, 2, 3, slightly elevated, delimited by small deep furrow; 3 and 4 fused. Epimeral chaetotaxy 3-1-3-3. Genital zone, anal opening, polyhedral shape, delimited laterally by cuticular thickening; polyhedral depressions, slightly deeper than normal; one pair of aggenital setae situated posterior genital plate and close to ad 3 setal insertion level. Four pairs of genital setae. Three pairs of adanal seta. Two pairs of anal setae; anal plate with small sharp end. Lyrifissures iad not discernible. ADULT DESCRIPTION Measurements SEM 370 Μm (361-403) × 222 Μm (117-231) (measurements from six specimens). Light microscopy 290 Μm (298-305) ×168 (172-176) (measurements from six specimens). Shape Prodorsum; polyhedral; notogaster; ovoid (Fig.6A). Colour Specimens without cerotegument, dark brown to brown, clear; slightly shiny, when observed in reflected light. Cerotegument Specimens covered by thin cerotegumental layer. SEM observations; faintly rugous-porous, irregularly granulate or smooth. Prodorsum; granulate, notogaster:faintly rugousporous (Fig. 6A). Ventral region; faintly rugous-porous around genital, anal opening, paraxial epimeric zone; smooth: epimeric zone with paraxial zone weakly rugousporous (Fig. 9A, B). Integument Prodorsal microsculpture; slightly tuberculate: e.i.p; pusticulate:zone between in and ro setae; undulate: bo, lamella; smooth: depressed posterior zone; l.l.f zone and CSO. Notogastral microsculpture; reticulate: central zone; faintly irregularly tuberculate: h.ap, smooth: lateral zone and around n.a.d. Lateral microculpture; faintly irregularly tuberculate: sejugal and depressed zones; smooth: Pd I, Pd II and discidum. Ventral microsculpture; faintly irregularly tuberculate: infracapitulum; smooth: epimeric zone, ventral shield, anal and genital plates. Setation Lanceolate: ro, in, c 1, c 2, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3, adanal; ro rugous–dentate margin, two medial longitudinal veins (Fig. 6D), directing inwards (Figs 6B; 7 B, C); in, c 1, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2 V-shaped, margin rugous-dentate, one medial longitudinal vein (Fig. 6E); margins elevated producing V-shape, directing backwards (Figs 6 A-C; 7 A-D; 8 A, B; 9 D);c 2 directing forwards; in wide, curving (Figs 6A, B; 7 A, B, D; 8B); c 1, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2 more or less similar width; h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3 small (Figs 6 A-C; 7 A); adanal setae similar in length (Figs 8C; 9A, B); simple: epimeric, aggenital, sub-capitular (Figs 8C; 9A); spiniform: anal (Fig. 9E); spiniform basally inflated: genital (Fig. 9F). Prodorsum Polyhedral, rounded apically (Figs 6B; 7 C); e.i.p prominent elevated rounded end (Figs 6B; 7 A, B). Posterior zone: e.i.p depressed (Fig. 6A, C). Three pairs of setae; size in>le=ro (Fig. 7B, C); ro setae curving, directed inwards, converging; each apical tip touching the other (Fig. 7B, C); inserted behind CSO, curving in setae, directed backwards (Figs 6 A-C; 7 A, B, D; 8 A, B) positioned on cuticular transversal ribbon on e.i.p (Fig. 7B, C); le setae laterally (Fig.7 A-C).Rostral anterior margin rounded (Fig. 7C); lamellae run dorsolaterally; l.l.f deep, large, complex horse-shoe shaped furrow (Fig. 6B); both furrows separated by large elevated cuticular ribbon, ro inserted on anterior rounded end of horse-shoe (Fig. 7B, C); CSO ovoid, situated in front of l.l.f., surrounded by deep furrow; l.l.f end far to la.ti (Fig. 7B); robust la.ti structure with rounded tip. Bothridial opening lateral, backwards directed (Figs 7A; 8A; 9C); incomplete bo.ri, smooth; bo.to sharply tipped, clearly visible, si uncinate (Fig. 9C). Slightly to front of, and at level of ro setae insertions, CSO clearly visible (Fig. 7B, C) as smooth ovoid structure (dorsal view) and convex (in lateral view). Furrow surrounding CSO posteriorly and laterally (Fig. 7B, C). Notogaster Shape; posterior oval (dorsal view) (Figs 6A; 8B); anterior medial zone rectangular; convex elevated (lateral view) (Figs 7A; 8A); d.sj narrow, rectilinear, well delimited (Figs 6A; 8B); n.a.d ovoid, deep, extending forwards and exceeding d.sj up to posterior zone of e.i.p (Figs 6C; 8A). Fourteen pairs of setae (c 1, c 2, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3); c 2 forwards directed; c 1, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 2, p 1, p 2, p 3, backwards directed (Figs 6A; 7 A; 8A); f.l.p clearly visible between c 1 setae (Figs 6A; 8B). Circumgastric furrow easily discernible delimiting two zones: central and lateral; central zone ovoid, elevated with polyhedral depression pattern (Figs 6A, B; 8B; 9D) where la, lm, lp, h 2, h 1 setae are inserted. Lateral zone, curved, more or less smooth, with h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3 setae; near b.ng, cuticular aligned ribbons (Figs 7A; 8A; 9B). Lateral region Prodorsum; e.i.p elevated. Setae in clearly visible, curving, backwards directed (Figs 7A, B, D; 8A). Lam easily discernible, ending in round la.ti extending to le setae insertion (Fig. 7B); tu curving rod-like cuticular thickening; s.tu.d deep; a.tu.d pocket depression present; posterior zone tu and close to Pd I, ovoid posterior depression (p.tu.d) (Fig. 7A). Pedotectum I; prominent extending lamina covering the first acetabulum; situated almost parallel to tu, positioned backwards (Figs 7A; 8A). Pedotectum II; ovoid lamina, medium size (Figs 7A; 8A), situated slightly backwards from acetabulum II, with its posterior part in contact with trochanter III. Discidium situated slightly inwards and ventrally (Fig. 8C), for this reason hardly discernible in lateral view. Bothridium ovoid to polyhedral (Figs 7A, B; 9C); bothridial opening laterally;bo.ri smooth, incomplete, clearly discernible; bo.to present (Fig. 9C). Humeral apophysis ovoid; upper tip penetrating posterior bothridial zone (Figs 7A; 8A). Excavated depression on h.ap clearly visible (indicated by arrow in Fig. 8A). All setae (prodorsal and notogastral) clearly visible (Figs 7A; 8A); s.c hardly discernible. Lyrifissures not discernible (see Remarks). Several large depressions clearly discernible at level of leg III and behind leg IV (Figs 7A; 8A). Posterior view Elevated interlamellar process and posterior zone of prodorsum reached by n.a.d, clearly discernible (Fig. 6C). All notogastral setae easily discernible. Central and lateral notogastral zones delimited by s.c, well discernible (Fig. 6C). Notogastral ornamentations clearly discernible (Figs 6C; 9B). Ventral region SEM: observations flat ventrally (Fig. 9A) and slightly inclined postero ventrally (Fig. 9B). Epimera slightly elevated, delimited by slightly deep furrow (bo.1, bo.2, bo.sj) (Figs 8C; 9B). Epimera 4 fused, epimeral furrow (bo.3) small (Fig. 8C); apo 1, apo 2, apo.sj and apo 3 well discernible. Epimeral chaetotaxy 3-1-3-3 (see Remarks). Discidium (dis) triangular, rounded apex expansion; a.g.f hardly discernible, situated in front of genital plate. Genital and anal opening zone; depressed polyhedral, delimited laterally by cuticular thickening; externally to cuticular thickening, the lateral wall descending obliquely. All these zones with large deeper than usual polyhedral depressions (dep). Aggenital setae situated backward to genital opening; inserted slightly paraxially and close to ad 3 setal insertion level (Fig. 8C). Four pairs of genital setae. Three pairs of adanal setae.Two pairs of anal setae; end of anal plate small, sharply tipped (Fig. 8C, indicated by arrow). Lyrifissures iad not discernible. Legs (Fig. 10 A-D) All legs monodactyle. Setal formulae I (1-3-2-4-17) (1-2-2); II (1-4-3-3-15) (1-1-2); III (2-3-1-2-[14- 15]) (1-1-0); IV (1-2-2-2-[12-13]) (0-1-0). In some instances, tarsus III with one additional unpaired seta (provisionally named Ad’), and tarsus IV with a more ventral seta (pv) for this reason the number of setae is between brackets and with an asterisk, indicating variable numbers present. REMARKS In some specimens in setae are large relative to notogastral setae (c 1, da, dm, dp, la, lm,lp , h 1, h 2) but in other specimens in and notogastral setae are of equal size. Very fine dirt found in these specimens is problematic in both SEM and optic microscopy. It hampers observation of detail of microsculptures, lyrifissures and in certain cases, changes the shape of setae (epimeric setae for example).Published as part of Fernandez, Nestor, Theron, Pieter, Rollard, Christine & Tiedt, Louvrens, 2013, Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species, pp. 551-579 in Zoosystema 35 (4) on pages 560-566, DOI: 10.5252/z2013n4a8, http://zenodo.org/record/516539
FIG. 10. — Congocepheus gabonensis n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species
No full textFIG. 10. — Congocepheus gabonensis n. sp. adult pattes. A, legs I, antiaxial; B, legs II, antiaxial; C, legs III, antiaxial; D, legs IV, antiaxial. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar: 100 μm.Published as part of Fernandez, Nestor, Theron, Pieter, Rollard, Christine & Tiedt, Louvrens, 2013, Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species, pp. 551-579 in Zoosystema 35 (4) on page 567, DOI: 10.5252/z2013n4a8, http://zenodo.org/record/516539
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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