2,008 research outputs found
Ask questions, get sales : close the deak and create long-term relationships / Stephan Schiffman.
No full textIncludes index.v, 168 pages ;In Ask Questions, Get Sales, the author and sales guru Stephan Schiffman helps readers boost their careers to the gold-medal level by teaching them how to strengthen their questioning skills during the sales process. The premise is simple yet effective: In order to be successful, salespeople need to change their mindset from "need-orientated" to "do-orientated". The message of the book centers around six core "do" questions: What do you do? How do you do it? When and where do you do it? Why do you do it that way? Who do you do it with? How can we help you do it better? With this indispensable guide in their briefcase, salespeople will have information at the ready to score big sales over the short term and the long term
Unemployment Benefits and Unemployment Rates of Low-Skilled and Elder Workers in West Germany: A Search Equilibrium Approach
No full textApproach Author & abstract Download 16 References 1 Citations Related works & more Corrections Author Listed: Launov, Andrey ([email protected]) (University of Kent) Wolff, Joachim ([email protected]) (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg) Klasen, Stephan ([email protected]) (University of Göttingen) Registered: Stephan Klasen Abstract In this paper we investigate whether the extension of the entitlement to unemployment benefits in the mid 80s can explain the increase in the unemployment rates of unskilled and elder workers in western Germany. To answer this question we estimate a version of the Burdett-Mortensen search equilibrium model and analyze how workers’ search behaviour responded to these reforms. We try both nonparametric and fully-parametric estimation methods and identify the cases in which the nonparametric approach cannot be applied. We find that the entitlement reforms are largely responsible for the increase of unemployment among unskilled workers
Unemployment Benefits and Unemployment Rates of Low-Skilled and Elder Workers in West Germany: A Search Equilibrium Approach
No full textApproach Author & abstract Download 16 References 1 Citations Related works & more Corrections Author Listed: Launov, Andrey ([email protected]) (University of Kent) Wolff, Joachim ([email protected]) (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg) Klasen, Stephan ([email protected]) (University of Göttingen) Registered: Stephan Klasen Abstract In this paper we investigate whether the extension of the entitlement to unemployment benefits in the mid 80s can explain the increase in the unemployment rates of unskilled and elder workers in western Germany. To answer this question we estimate a version of the Burdett-Mortensen search equilibrium model and analyze how workers’ search behaviour responded to these reforms. We try both nonparametric and fully-parametric estimation methods and identify the cases in which the nonparametric approach cannot be applied. We find that the entitlement reforms are largely responsible for the increase of unemployment among unskilled workers
Measuring Vulnerability to Poverty Using Long-Term Panel Data
No full textMeasuring Vulnerability to Poverty Using Long-Term Panel Data Author & abstract Download & other version 16 References 4 Citations Related works & more Corrections Author Listed: Katja Landau (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Stephan Klasen (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Walter Zucchini (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Registered: Stephan Klasen Abstract We investigate the accuracy of ex ante assessments of vulnerability to income poverty using cross-sectional data and panel data. We use long-term panel data from Germany and apply di fferent regression models, based on household covariates and previous-year equivalence income, to classify a household as vulnerable or not. Predictive performance is assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), which takes account of false positive as well as true positive rates. Estimates based on cross-sectional data are much less accurate than those based on panel data, but for Germany, the accuracy of vulnerability predictions is limited even when panel data are used. In part this low accuracy is due to low poverty incidence and high mobility in and out of poverty
Measuring Vulnerability to Poverty Using Long-Term Panel Data
No full textMeasuring Vulnerability to Poverty Using Long-Term Panel Data Author & abstract Download & other version 16 References 4 Citations Related works & more Corrections Author Listed: Katja Landau (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Stephan Klasen (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Walter Zucchini (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Registered: Stephan Klasen Abstract We investigate the accuracy of ex ante assessments of vulnerability to income poverty using cross-sectional data and panel data. We use long-term panel data from Germany and apply di fferent regression models, based on household covariates and previous-year equivalence income, to classify a household as vulnerable or not. Predictive performance is assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), which takes account of false positive as well as true positive rates. Estimates based on cross-sectional data are much less accurate than those based on panel data, but for Germany, the accuracy of vulnerability predictions is limited even when panel data are used. In part this low accuracy is due to low poverty incidence and high mobility in and out of poverty
Aufsätze zur Konjunkturvorhersage und Bankenregulierung
No full textContents General Introduction and Results viii Allgemeine Einleitung und
Resultate xii 1 Predicting Recessions with a Composite Real-Time Dynamic
Probit Model 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1 1.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 2 1.3 Empirical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 6 1.3.1 Real-Time Prediction of German Recessions . . . . . . . .
6 1.3.2 Real-Time Prediction of U.S. Recessions . . . . . . . . . 21 1.4
Comparison with Existing Approaches from the Literature . .23 1.5 Concluding
Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appendix A 29 2
Markov Switching with Endogenous Number of Regimes and Leading Indicators in a
Real-Time Business Cycle Application 32 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2 The Literature . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.3 The Empirical Model . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.4 Specification and In-Sample
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.4.1 The Data . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.4.2 Model Specification . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.4.3 In-Sample Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 41 2.5 Out-of-Sample Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 47 2.5.1 Real-Time Forecast Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 47 2.5.2 Real-Time Forecasts with the Industrial Production . . . 50 2.5.3
Real-Time Forecasts with the OECD Composite Leading Indicator . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3 Agent-based Risk Management - A
Regulatory Approach to Financial Markets 56 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2 A Regulatory Agent-Based
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.2.1 Heterogeneous Agents in a
Dynamic System . . . . . . . . 59 3.2.2 Price Process . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.2.3 Derivatives Market . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 66 3.2.4 Currently Applied Internal Model Methods . . . .
. . . . 70 3.3 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 72 3.3.1 Risk Factors in the Agent-Based Model . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3.2 Risk Factors in other Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.3.3
Simulation Effort and VaR Computation . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.4 Simulation
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.4.1 Agent-
based Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.4.2 Model
Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.4.3 VaR, Excess
Volatility and Market Stability . . . . . . . . 83 3.4.4 Policy Implications .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Appendix B 87Work on this thesis started around the time of the recent financial crisis
(2007 - 2009). What has become apparent since then is the practical use of two
research questions dealt with in the following: First, as financial crises are
usually accompanied by deep recessions that affect the whole economy, how can
a business cyclical turning point be detected as early and reliably as
possible under these circumstances? Secondly, taking under-regulation as one
of the root causes of the last crisis, can agent-based models be efficiently
used for the purpose of banking regulation? Before the crisis, not only did
the forecast performance of most leading indicators in linear models decline,
but also the degree according to which the data generating process is well
described by a linear model. In this case, it is helpful to turn to a
probabilistic approach and to forecast the business cycle turning points by
means of the level of the predicted recession probabilities (Schreiber,
Theobald, Proaño, Stephan, Rietzler and Detzer, 2012). In particular, non-
linear models with two or more states, such as probit models and Markov regime
switching models, can achieve relatively high forecast accuracy in such
situations. The first two chapters of this thesis present modifications to
these methods and fruitfully apply them to the task of timely and accurate
predicting of turning points in the business cycle. A potential tool for
improving the regulation of financial markets can be (so-called) Agent-Based
Models (ABM) - in particular agent-based computational models. Such models are
primarily directed at representative agent setups as typically employed in
Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. The advantage is that
they produce dynamics of heterogeneous and simultaneously interacting agents
reflecting behavioral patterns which, on the one hand, are observable in real-
world financial markets like herding and contrarian behavior (Park and
Sabourian, 2011) and which, on the other hand, lead to price paths that show
typical financial data properties like fat tails and volatility cluster
(Pagan, 1996). The third chapter of this thesis therefore deals with the
compatibility of agent-based computations and (market) risk management as it
is currently applied by banks, in line with the Basel regulatory requirements.Diese Arbeit ist in zeitlicher Nähe zur jüngsten Finanzmarktkrise (2007-2009)
entstanden. Sie behandelt daher zwei Forschungsfelder, deren praktischer
Nutzen in Zeiten der Krise offenkundig wurde. Da Finanzmarktkrisen in der
Regel von tiefen Rezessionen begleitet werden, die die gesamte Ökonomie
betreffen, geht es zunächst um die möglichst frühe, zuverlässige und
informative Rezessionserkennung. In einem zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird dann
das Thema der Bankenregulierung behandelt, da Unterregulierung zweifelsohne
eine der Hauptursachen der letzten Finanzmarktkrise darstellt. Im Detail geht
es um die Frage, ob sogenannte Agenten-basierte Modelle im Interesse des
Gemeinwohls zum Zwecke der Bankenregulierung eingesetzt werden können. Vor der
Finanzmarktkrise hat nicht nur die Vorhersageleistung der meisten
Frühindikatoren in linearen Modellen abgenommen, sondern auch der Grad, mit
dem der Daten generierende Prozess wohl beschrieben durch ein lineares Modell
ist. In einem solchen Fall ist es hilfreich, sich einem probabilistischen
Ansatz zu zuwenden und sich auf die Vorhersage der konjunkturellen Wendepunkte
mittels der Höhe der prognostizierten Rezessionswahrscheinlichkeit zu
konzentrieren (Schreiber et al., 2012). Insbesondere nicht-lineare Modelle mit
zwei oder mehr (konjunkturellen) Zuständen, wie etwa probit Modelle oder
Markov Regime Switching Modelle, können eine relativ hohe Vorhersagegüte in
solchen Situationen erreichen. Die ersten beiden Kapitel dieser Arbeit stellen
Modifikationen dieser Methoden dar, um diese Gewinn bringend im Hinblick auf
ein möglichst frühzeitiges und exaktes Erkennen konjunktureller Wendepunkte
einzusetzen. Ein mögliches Instrument, um die Regulierung der Finanzmärkte zu
verbessern, können sogenannte Agenten-basierte Modelle sein, insbesondere
'Agent-based Computational Economic' (ACE) Modelle. Solche Modelle wenden sich
unmittelbar gegen das Konzept des Repräsentativen Agenten, wie es
typischerweise in Dynamischen Stochastischen Allgemeinen
Gleichgewichtsmodellen (DSGE) verwendet wird. Ihr Vorteil liegt darin, eine
Preisdynamik auf Grundlage heterogener und gleichzeitig interagierender
Agenten zu produzieren. Diese Preisdynamik spiegelt Verhaltensmuster wider,
wie sie auch auf realen Finanzmärkten zu beobachten sind, wie etwa Herden-
bzw. gegenläufiges Verhalten (Park and Sabourian, 2011). Zudem weisen hieraus
entstehende Preispfade statistische Eigenschaften auf, wie man sie
typischerweise von der Untersuchung von Finanzmarktdaten kennt. Hierzu gehören
etwa 'fat tails' und Volatilitätscluster (Pagan, 1996). Das dritte Kapitel
dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit der Kompatibilität von ACE Modellen
und (Markt-)risiko Management, wie es Banken derzeit gemäß der in den Basel-
Regularien festgeschriebenen Internen Modelle Methode anwenden
Evaluation of in-store processes related to returnable packaging services offered in grocery stores - the store management perspective
No full textAuthor Stephan LehnerMasterarbeit Universität Linz 202
Evaluation of in-store processes related to returnable packaging services offered in grocery stores - the store management perspective
No full textAuthor Stephan LehnerMasterarbeit Universität Linz 202
Stephan Rottaler
No full textSTEPHAN ROTTALER
Stephan Rottaler ( - )
Cover ( - )
Title page ( - )
[Widmung]: ( - )
Inhalt ( - )
Einleitung ([1])
Der Monogrammist S. R. ([5])
Der Marolt-Altar im Domkreuzgang zu Freising ( - )
[Abb.]: Abb. 1. Altar des Kanonikus Marolt in Freising ( - )
[Abb.]: Abb. 2. Vom Altar des Kanonikus Kaspar Marolt im Domkreuzgang zu Freising (8)
[Abb.]: Abb. 3. Das Schweißtuch. Holzschnitt von Albrecht Dürer. (B. 38) (11)
[Abb.]: Abb. 4. Joachim und Anna unter der goldenen Pforte. Holzschnitt aus dem "Marienleben" von Albrecht Dürer. (B. 79) (13)
[Abb.]: Abb. 5. Aeltere Zeichnung des Marolt-Altars im Domkreuzgang zu Freising (14)
[Abb.]: Abb. 6. Monogramm am Altar des Kanonikus Kaspar Marolt im Domkreuzgang zu Freising (15)
Die weiteren Werke des Meisters S. R. ([16])
[Abb.]: Abb. 7. Grabplatte des Peter Altenhaus, gest. 1513, in der St. Jodokskirche in Landshut (17)
[3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 8. Meisterzeichen auf der Grabplatte des Peter von Althaus in der St. Jodokskirche in Landshut (2)Abb. 9. Grabplatte des Kanonikus Petrus Kalbsor, gest. 1520, im Domkreuzgang zu Freising. Von 1521 (3)Abb. 10. Meisterzeichen auf der Grabplatte des Kanonikus Kalbsor im Domkreuzgang zu Freising (18)
[Abb.]: Abb. 11. Epitaph der Dorothea und Elisabeth Esterreicherin, gest. 1521 und 1497, an der ehemal. Minoritenkirche in Ingolstadt (19)
[4 Abb.]: (1), (2)Abb. 12. Zeichen am Grabstein des Kanonikus Petrus Kalbsor im Domkreuzgang zu Freising (3), 4)Abb. 13. Meisterzeichen und Datierung vom Epitaph der Dorothea und Elisabeth Esterreicherin an der ehemaligen Minoritenkirche in Ingolstadt (20)
Die nicht signierten Werke des Meisters S. R. ([21])
[Abb.]: Abb. 14. Grabplatte der Margarete von Fraunburg, gest. 1515, in der Johanneskirche zu Moosburg (22)
[Abb.]: Abb. 15. Grabplatte des Chorherrn Wolfgang Wirsing, gest. 1515, im Domkreuzgang zu Freising (23)
[Abb.]: Abb. 16. Grabplatte des Kanonikus Petrus Schaffmannsperger, gest. 1516, im Domkreuzgang zu Freising (24)
[Abb.]: Abb. 17. Von der Grabplatte des Kanonikus Petrus Schaffmannsperger im Domkreuzgang zu Freising (25)
[Abb.]: Abb. 18. Grabstein des Kanonikus Paulus Lang von Wellenburg in Freising ( - )
[Abb.]: Abb. 19. Kopf des Sigmund Pucher, gest. 1514, von dessen Grabstein in St. Castulus zu Moosburg (27)
[Abb.]: Abb. 20. Grabplatte des Thomas Löffelholz von Kolberg, gest. 1527, in der Stiftskirche zu Altötting. Von 1520 (28)
[Abb.]: Abb. 21. Zeichnung des alten Bestandes des Monuments des Thomas Löffelholz in Altötting (29)
[Abb.]: Abb. 22. Grabmonument des Hans von Klosen in Arnstorf ( - )
[Abb.]: Abb. 23. Kopf des Hans von Klosen, gest. 1527, auf dessen Grabmonument in der Pfarrkirche Arnstorf (31)
[Abb.]: Abb. 24. Monument des Alexander Leberskircher, gest. 1521, in der Pfarrkirche zu Gerzen (32)
[Abb.]: Abb. 25. Kopf des Alexander Leberskircher auf dessen Grabmonument in Gerzen ( - )
[Abb.]: Abb. 26. Sandsteinrelief im Sighart-Museum zu Freising (34)
[Abb.]: Abb. 27. Holzschnitt der Mailändischen Schule. Sammlung Rothschild in Paris (35)
[Abb.]: Abb. 28. Epitaph für Hans und Dorothea Esterreicher in Ingolstadt ( - )
[Abb.]: Abb. 29. Grabstein des Balthassar Hugendorfer, gest. 1525, Standort unbekannt. Nach einer Photographie des Germanischen Nationalmuseums in Nürnberg (39)
Der Bildschnitzer S. R. ([42])
[2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 30. Holzstatue des hl. Johannes Bapt. vom Hochaltar der Pfarrkirche zu Reisbach (2)Abb. 31. Holzstatue des hl. Wolfgang vom Hochaltar der Pfarrkirche zu Reisbach (43)
[2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 32. Linker Flügel des Hochaltars der Pfarrkirche zu Reisbach (2)Abb. 33. Rechter Flügel vom Hochaltar der Pfarrkirche zu Reisbach (44)
[Abb.]: Abb. 34. Michaels Kampf mit dem Drachen aus der "Apokalypse" von Albrecht Dürer. (B. 72) (45)
[Abb.]: Abb. 35. Relief der Taufe Christi in Landshut ( - )
[Abb.]: Abb. 36. Engelskopf vom Relief der Taufe Christi in der Sammlung des historischen Vereins in Landshut (47)
[Abb.]: Abb. 37. Maria-Schutz-Relief in der Sammlung des historischen Vereins Landshut (48)
[Abb.]: Abb. 38. Relief des hl. Martinus in der Sammlung des historischen Vereins in Landshut (49)
[Abb.]: Abb. 39. Vom Relief des hl. Martinus in der Sammlung des historischen Vereins in Landshut (50)
[Abb.]: Abb. 40. Relief der Krönung Marä in der Sammlung des historischen Vereins in Landshut (52)
[Abb.]: Abb. 41. Reliefbüsten christlicher Helden in der Sammlung des historischen Vereins in Landshut (53)
[Abb.]: Abb. 42. Holzrelief des Todes Mariä in der Pfarrkirche zu Kelheim (54)
[Abb.]: Abb. 43. Holzrelief des hl. Petrus im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum zu München (55)
[Abb.]: Abb. 44. Standrahmen mit dem Bildnis Herzog Ludwigs X. von Bayern im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum zu München (56)
[Abb.]: Abb. 45. Statue eines unbekannten Stifters im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum ( - )
[Abb.]: Abb. 46. Kopf der Statue eines unbekannten Stifters im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum zu München (57)
[Abb.]: Abb. 47. Holzstatue eines hl. Florian in der Sammlung Julius Böhler in München (58)
[Abb.]: Abb. 48. Kopf der Statue eines hl. Florian in der Sammlung Julius Böhler in München (59)
Der Hof der bischöflichen Residenz in Freising ([62])
[Abb.]: Abb. 49. Hof der bischöflichen Residenz zu Freising ( - )
[2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 50. Zweite Stütze des Laubengangs im Residenzhof zu Freising (2)Abb. 51. Fünfte Stütze des Laubengangs im Residenzhof zu Freising (63)
[2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 52. Sechste Stütze des Laubengangs im Residenzhof zu Freising (2)Abb. 53. Achte Stütze des Laubengangs im Residenzhof zu Freising (65)
[Abb.]: Abb. 54. Kapitelle und Basen vom Laubengang der bischöflichen Residenz zu Freising (67)
[Abb.]: Abb. 55. Innschrifttafel im Hofe der bischöflichen Residenz zu Freising (68)
[Abb.]: Abb. 56. Meisterzeichen am Eckpfeiler des Laubengangs des Residenzhofes zu Freising (70)
Der Meister S. R. (Stephan Rottaler) ([71])
Stephan Rottaler und die Niederbayerische Plastik ([75])
[Abb.]: Abb. 57. Vom Chorgestühl der St. Martinskirche zu Landshut (79)
[Abb.]: Abb. 58. Holzfigur des hl. Christophorus in der Schloßkapelle auf der Trausnitz ob Landshut (81)
[Abb.]: Abb. 59. Sitzbild des hl. Theobald in St. Theobald bei Vilsburg (82)
[Abb.]: Abb. 60. Relief des hl. Christophorus und eines attributlosen Heiligen im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum in München (83)
[Abb.]: Abb. 61. Holzfigur des hl. Johannes Evangelista in der Pfarrkirche zu Dingolfing (84)
[Abb.]: Abb. 62. Relief der hl. Sippe von M. Kreniß in der Pfarrkirche von Höhenstadt (86)
[Abb.]: Abb. 63. Von einer Titelumrahmung der Offizin Johannes Weißenburger in Landshut. 1519. (93)
Abbildungen ([95])
Künstler-Register ( - )
Orts-Register ( -
Culex nocturnus Theobald 1903
No full text<p> <b> Subspecies <i>nocturnus</i></b> </p> <p> Descriptions of subspecies <i>nocturnus</i> are very similar to descriptions of <i>vexans</i>, which has led to many different opinions concerning its status. It was described by Theobald (1903a) from “several ♀ ’s” from “Ba in Fiji ”. Townsend (1990) found two syntype females in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London. Theobald (1903a) described the species as having the “Thorax deep brown, covered densely with narrow-curved, bright brown and golden scales, scarcely showing any definite ornamentation; proboscis with a minute black tip and base, remainder ochraceous.” The legs are as in the description of <i>vexans</i> above. “Abdomen deep brown with basal white bands curved in the middle…. ♀. Head brown, with narrow curved pale golden scales on the crown, with black upright forked scales, flat black scales at the sides with a median white patch…. Abdomen …sixth and seventh segments with narrow apical yellow bands, no basal pale band or mark to the last; laterally are median white spots…. Legs …tibiae deep brown, paler ventrally…. <i>Observations....</i> The abdominal ornamentation is very characteristic; the species cannot well be mistaken for any other. The proboscis is really very broadly pale banded.” Theobald included descriptions of all life stages except the egg, none of which provided distinguishing characters.</p> <p> The following publications concerning the nominal taxon <i>nocturnus</i> are arranged by taxonomic status. A few authors gave expanded rationale for their judgements (Bohart & Ingram 1946b; Belkin 1962; Reinert 1973; Lee <i>et al</i>. 1982), which were summarized by Lee <i>et al</i>. (1982), as shown below. This is not intended to be an exhaustive listing (* = with some sort of illustration).</p> <p> As a synonym of <i>vexans</i>. Dyar (1920, 1921a); Senior-White (1923); Freeborn (1926); Edwards (1924); Edwards (1932a); Natvig (1948); Senevet & Andarelli (1954) [who followed Edwards 1932a]; Carpenter & LaCasse (1955) [subspecies <i>arabiensis</i> ? and <i>nipponii</i> also listed as synonyms of <i>vexans</i>]; Reinert (1973); Knight & Stone (1977) [who we assume followed Reinert 1973]; Reinert <i>et al</i>. (2004).</p> <p> As a synonym of <i>Aedes</i> (<i>Ochlerotatus</i>) <i>vigilax</i> (Skuse, 1889). Cooling (1924).</p> <p> As a subspecies of <i>vexans</i>. * Bohart & Ingram (1946b); * Yamaguti & LaCasse (1950); Knight & Hull (1951); * Knight & Hull (1953); Laird (1955); Bohart (1957); Stone <i>et al</i>. (1959); Iyengar (1960); Stone (1961b); Lien (1962); * Joyce & Nakagawa (1963); * Holway & Bridges (1970); Basio (1971); * Baisas (1974); Tanaka <i>et al.</i> (1979); Harbach (2018); Wilkerson <i>et al</i>. (2021).</p> <p> As species <i>nocturnus</i>. * Theobald (1903a); Edwards (1912a), in genus <i>Ochlerotatus</i> but “Doubtfully distinct from the preceding [<i>vigilax</i> Skuse, 1889]”; * Penn (1949), as <i>vexans</i> but possibly represents subspecies <i>nocturnus</i>; * Belkin (1962); Peters & Christian (1963), included as both a species and apparently inadvertently as a subspecies of <i>vexans</i>; Stone (1963); Belkin (1965); Stephan (1966); Standfast (1967); Maffi (1977).</p> <p> Lee <i>et al</i>. (1982), as species <i>nocturnus</i>, stated the following in a footnote.</p> <p> Although F.W. Edwards (1924) synonymised <i>nocturnus</i> with <i>vexans</i> it was later considered a variety or subspecies of <i>vexans</i> by regional authors, commencing with Bohart & Ingram (1946).</p> <p> Belkin (1962) provisionally raised <i>nocturnus</i> to specific rank, mainly on the basis of branching of larval head hairs [setae]. He recognised that the taxonomic status of <i>nocturnus</i> was uncertain, clarification awaiting study of the <i>vexans</i> complex.</p> <p> Reinert (1973) sank <i>nocturnus</i> as a synonym of <i>vexans vexans</i> “in the absence of sufficient biological, behavioural and genetical data on the Pacific Island populations of <i>vexans</i>, and since specimens of these populations fall within the variable range of the morphological characters of other populations within the distribution of the species”.</p> <p> For the time being we have chosen to retain <i>nocturnus</i> as a species partly because the synonymising of <i>nocturnus</i> under <i>vexans</i> gives <i>vexans</i> an extraordinarily wide distribution far greater than that achieved by any other non-domestic species.</p> <p> We agree with the summary and conclusions of Lee <i>et al</i>. (1982) and thus hereby return <i>nocturnus</i> to its original species status: <b> <i>Aedes</i> (<i>Aedimorphus</i>) <i>nocturnus</i> (Theobald, 1903a)</b> . Synonyms: <i>Culicada eruthrosops</i> Theobald, 1910; <i>Culex nocturnus</i> var. <i>niger</i> Theobald, 1913b. <i>Aedes nocturnus</i> is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.</p>Published as part of <i>Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C., 2023, The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification, pp. 1-184 in Zootaxa 5303 (1)</i> on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8043342">http://zenodo.org/record/8043342</a>
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