1,358,874 research outputs found
Replication Data for: Tepe, Markus, Pieter Vanhuysse and Maximilian Lutz. 2020. Merit, Luck and Taxes. Societal Reward Rules, Self-Interest and Ideology in a Real-Effort Voting Experiment, Political Research Quarterly.
No full textztree code and Stata file / syntax for replicating all statistical results reported in Tepe, Markus, Pieter Vanhuysse and Maximilian Lutz. 2020. Merit, Luck and Taxes. Societal Reward Rules, Self-Interest and Ideology in a Real-Effort Voting Experiment, Political Research Quarterly
Acrylamide in Environmental Water: A Review on Sources, Exposure, and Public Health Risks
No full textTEPE, Yalcin/0000-0002-8415-3754; TEPE, Banu/0000-0002-3428-8167WOS: 000464878700001Acrylamide and polyacrylamide (PAM) are used in diverse industrial processes, mainly the production of plastics, dyes, and paper, in the treatment of drinking water, wastewater, and sewage. Besides inorganic form, acrylamide is formed naturally in certain starchy foods that were heated to cook a temperature above 120 degrees C for elongated time. Researches in rats have demonstrated that acrylamide exposure poses a risk as a neurotoxin to humans and also classified as a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound. Acrylamide may be released into drinking water supplies from its wide-ranging industrial use. Acrylamide has high risk of contamination into surface and ground water supplies due to its rapid solubility and mobility in water. Bacterial use of acrylamide as nitrogen and carbonsource is the main pathway of its degradation in water. The degradation of acrylamide in water occurs about 8-12days depending on water conditions. International Agency for Research on Cancer has declared acrylamide as 2A Group carcinogen in 1994. The major concern related to acrylamide contamination is arising from organic source that occurs especially by consumption of heated starchy food. On the other hand, as acrylamide or PAM is commonly used in different industrial processes, inorganic acrylamide contamination into environment is a big threat and has potential hazards for public health. The main objective of the present review is to summarize the routes of acrylamide contamination, degradation, release and transfer into environmental water, as well as to present integrated information on acrylamide chemistry, toxicity, and analyses, together with potential safety risks for public health. Recommended actions and further studies in needed areas are suggested
Zooplankton Composition and Water Quality of Lake Golbasi (Hatay-Turkey)
No full textTEPE, Yalcin/0000-0002-8415-3754; TEPE, Banu/0000-0002-3428-8167WOS: 000288302900002Zooplankton composition, abundance, distribution and some water quality parameters were investigated to determine the apparent response of the zooplankton community to water quality conditions in Lake Golbai (Hatay, Turkey) between April 2003 and March 2004. Water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity and hardness, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulphite, sulphate, chloride, potassium, sodium and silica analyses, were done. The highest zooplankton abundance was found in August, whereas the lowest was determined in January. The zooplankton composition of the lake consisted of Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda. Number of species of Rotifera was higher than the other taxa. In the study, a total of 61 taxa of Rotifera, 20 taxa of Cladocera, and 10 taxa of Copepoda were found. Rotifera species Dipleuchlanis propatula (Gosse, 1886) is the second record for Turkish inland waters. The annual mean concentration of chlorophyll a was measured as 37.87 +/- 9.77 mu g/L. The levels of nutrients (mean values of total phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen: 0.21 +/- 0.19 mg/L and 12.36 +/- 5.99 mg/L) were high enough to assume the lake at eutrophic level
Tepe Sadegh, a Bronze Age settlement on the Sistan Plain. Pottery, Chronology, and Interactions
No full textThis book offers the first comprehensive analysis of the typology and chronology of pottery from Tepe Sadegh, located on the Sistan Plain of southeastern Iran. Tepe Sadegh, a suburban settlement situated 75 km southeast of Zabol and 13 km southwest of the prominent Bronze Age site Shahr-i Sokhta, serves as one of its satellite settlements. Shahr-i Sokhta, a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the largest Bronze Age urban centres in the region, spans four distinct periods of occupation over nearly 1,200 years. The hot, arid climate of Sistan has been particularly favourable for preserving organic and ceramic samples, enabling detailed studies of chronology. Pottery, a cornerstone of human culture from the Neolithic era to the present, is a critical tool in archaeological research. The classification of ceramic styles and their similarities or differences provides insights into cultural change and interactions. Before this study, the pottery of Tepe Sadegh was poorly documented, and limited research had been conducted on the satellite sites of Shahr-i Sokhta. By addressing this gap, the study not only enhances understanding of Tepe Sadegh’s cultural evolution but also contributes valuable data to the broader understanding of the Bronze Age in Eastern Iran. By analysing materials such as pottery and radiocarbon-dated charcoal from Tepe Sadegh, this research establishes both a relative and absolute chronological framework. Absolute dating is complemented by comparative analysis with other Indo-Iranian Bronze Age sites, yielding a revised chronology for the period. These findings illuminate the cultural sequences of the region, the process of urbanization, and the increasing socio-cultural complexity of the Sistan Plain during the Bronze Age
Solanum pacificum Tepe
No full text7. SOLANUM PACIFICUM Tepe, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3: 512. 2009. —TYPE: ECUADOR. Los Ríos: Centro Científico Río Palenque, in secondary forest, 215 m, 5 Feb 2009 (fl, fr), E. J. Tepe et al. 2696 (holotype: QCNE!; isotypes: BM!, MO!, NY–NY01163476!, QCA!, UT!). Herbaceous vine, climbing secondary vegetation in gaps. Stems slender, weakly herbaceous, glabrous; fertile branch tips pendent. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, the blades 14–19 × 4.5–8 cm, 2–3 times as long as wide, lanceolate to ovate, membranaceous to thinly chartaceous, moderately to densely sand-punctate, glabrous adaxially and abaxially; venation pinnate, with 4–7 pairsofsecondaryveins, these densely sand-punctate; base rounded to obtuse, more or less symmetrical; margins entire; apex acuminate; petioles 1– 1.5 cm, densely sand-punctate, glabrous. Internodes 1.5–7 cm. Inflorescences 4–10 cmlong, slender, unbranched, extraaxillary, with 17–58 flowers (scars), the axes glabrous, slender; peduncle 2–4.5 cm; rachis ca. 6 cm; pedicels 8–10 mm in flower, slender, 15–20 mm in fruit, enlarged apically, glabrous, spaced nearly contiguously to 12 mm apart. Calyx 1–1.2 mm long, glabrous to minutely and sparsely ciliate along margins, the tube 0.5–0.7 mm long, the lobes 0.5–0.6 × 0.8–1 mm, rounded, rounded to weakly acuminate at tips; fruiting calyx somewhat accrescent, the lobes 0.6–0.8 × ca. 1 mm. Corolla 0.8–1 cm in diameter, ca. 5 mm long, stellate, membranous, green to white near the margins of the petals, the lobes 4–5 × 1.2–2.5 mm, ovate, reflexed at maturity, acute at apices, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins ciliate. Stamens subequal, with filaments ca. 0.8 mm long, glabrous; anthers 1.5–2 × 0.7–1.2 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 4–4.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm, glabrous, slightly clavate; stigma truncate. Fruit (immature) ca. 0.9 × 0.6 cm, ovoid, somewhat flattened, pointed at apex, green, glabrous. Seeds unknown. Figure 1J–K. Habitat and Distribution— Solanum pacificum occurs in primary and secondary rainforest habitats in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador; 50–380 m in elevation (Fig. 8). Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected from Feb.–Aug.; the type collection, collected in Feb., is the only fruiting specimen seen. It is likely that fruiting is more frequent than the collection record indicates. Conservation Status— According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. pacificum is classified as B1a+3iii (critically endangered) and D2 (vulnerable because of restricted area of occupancy). This species is restricted to lowland rainforest habitats of western Ecuador. This habitat type has suffered extreme degradation, and has been reduced from an estimated 32,000 km 2 to ca. 1,500 km 2 (Dodson and Gentry 1991). The six known collections of S. pacificum are from a small portion of this area, and because of the extensive habitat destruction, it is possible that this species survives only within the 0.87 km 2 Centro Científico Río Palenque. Etymology— Solanum pacificum is named after the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador where it is endemic, and for María Paz Moreno, the first author’s wife and frequent field companion. “Pax,” Latin for peace, is the root of both “Pacific” and “Paz.” Notes— Solanum pacificum is a climbing species recognizable by its completely glabrous vegetative parts; slender, weakly herbaceous stems; small, greenish flowers; and large, thin leaves. The leaves of S. pacificum are deep purplish-green above with whitish veins, and are weakly to intensely purple below. The upper surfaces of fresh leaves have a distinctly velvety luster. Within sect. Herpystichum, this species is most similar to S. dolichorhachis, but differs in having leaves with ± symmetrical vs. distinctly oblique leaf bases and green, herbaceous vs. tan, woody stems. It can be distinguished from other climbing species by the texture, shape, and size of the leaves. Solanum pacificum is also similar to the sympatric S. leptorhachis Bitter [sect. Geminata (G. Don) Walp.] in the size and shape of the leaves, the long, slender inflorescences, and small, greenishwhite, stellate flowers; however, S. leptorhachis is an upright, woody shrub with unifoliate sympodial units on flowering stems and geminate leaves at nonflowering nodes. In contract, S. pacificum has plurifoliate sympodial units and always has only one leaf per node (i.e. not geminate). Additional Specimens Examined— ECUADOR. Junction of the provinces Bolivar, Cañar, Chimborazo, and Guayas: Foothills of the western cordillera near the village of Bucay, 1,000 –1,250 ft, 8–15 Jun 1945 (st), W. H. Camp E-3782 (MO). Los Ríos: Cantón Quevedo, Centro Científico Río Palenque, along road between Santo Domingo de los Colorados and Quevedo at km 47, 1.7 km Sof Patricia Pilar, 0°35’S 79°21’W, 220 m, 9 Apr 1992 (st), T. B. Croat 73807 (MO); Río Palenque Biological Station, km 56 Rd. Quevedo-Santo Domingo, 150–220 m, 26 Oct 1974 (st), C. H. Dodson 5663 (SEL); Río Palenque Biological Station, km 56 Rd. Quevedo-Santo Domingo, 150–220 m, 7 Aug 1975 (fl), C. H. Dodson 5933 (AAU, MO, QCA, SEL); Río Palenque Field Station, half way between Quevedo and Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 200 m, 22 Feb 1974 (fl), A. Gentry 10109 (MO).Published as part of Tepe, EJ & Bohs, L, 2011, A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum, pp. 1068-1087 in Systematic Botany 36 (4) on pages 1081-1082, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, http://zenodo.org/record/632784
Chapter 8. Medieval and Ottoman Levels at Hirbemerdon Tepe
No full textThe results of the excavations in the High Mound of Hirbemerdon Tepe (SE Turkey) have clearly identified a Medieval and a Modern occupational phases, demonstrated by the presence of material culture: the contribution is the final report of architecture, pottery, metal objects and small finds belonging to the post-antique periods
Alla ricerca dei Hurriti. Scavi a Hirbemerdon Tepe
No full textLa costruzione di una diga il cui invaso coprirà l’alta valle del Tigri ha messo in moto la macchina delle missioni di scavo per il salvataggio delle testimonianze che verranno sommerse. L'articolo tratta delle attività del gruppo di ricerca italiano nell'ambito del progetto archeologico a Hirbemerdon Tepe, in Turchia sud-orientale
Solanum crassinervium Tepe
No full text1. SOLANUM CRASSINERVIUM Tepe, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3: 514. 2009. —TYPE: ECUADOR. Carchi / Esmeraldas: near Lita, 600 m, wet evergreen forest, 19 May 1987 (fl, fr), H. H. van der Werff 9496 (holotype: QCNE–8516!; isotypes: MO–4299600!, NY–NY00735823!). Vine or scandent shrub, climbing understory trees to 4 m or more; leafy branches spreading to pendulous. Stems thickly herbaceous to weakly woody, somewhat fleshy, glabrous to sparsely pubescent and soon glabrescent. Sympodial units plurifoliate to rarely unifoliate. Leaves simple, the blades 3.5–14 × 1.5–8 cm, 1–2 times as long as wide, gradually reduced in size toward the inflorescence, ovate to elliptic, somewhat fleshy, sand-punctate, glabrous adaxially and abaxially or rarely with fine pubescence on the midvein adaxially; venation pinnate, with 5–7 pairsofsecondaryveins, these conspicuous and prominent abaxially, densely sand-punctate; base rounded to truncate to cordate, sometimes oblique; margins entire; apex shortly acuminate; petioles (0.2–) 1–1.5 cm, glabrous or rarely pubescent adaxially, densely white sandpunctate. Internodes 1.5–5.5 cm. Inflorescences 1–3 cmlong in flower to ca. 6 cm in fruit, unbranched to branched, stemterminal to axillary to extra-axillary, with 2–16 flowers (scars), the axes glabrous; peduncle 0.1–0.5 cm; rachis 0.1–2 cm; pedicels 4–12 mm in flower, 9–18 mm in fruit, only slightly enlarged distally, glabrous to rarely sparsely pubescent, spaced nearly contiguously. Calyx 2.5–3.5 mm long, glabrous, themargins thickened, the tube 2.5–3 mm long, the lobes 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, deltoid, acute to acuminate at tips, white to pale pink; fruiting calyx somewhat accrescent, the lobes 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Corolla 1.5–2 cmindiameter, 5–8 mm long, stellate, somewhat fleshy, white, the lobes 5–8 × 2.5–3 mm, planar at anthesis, acute to acuminate at apices, glabrous adaxially, sparsely pubescent near the apex abaxially, the margins densely ciliate. Stamens with filaments 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 3–4 × 1.2–1.5 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 4–6 × ca. 0.3 mm, glabrous, cylindrical, sometimes deflected to one side of flower; stigma capitate. Fruit (immature) 0.7–1 × 0.7– 0.9 cm, ovoid to nearly globose, slightly flattened, somewhat pointed at apex, green to pale orangish to brownish at maturity, glabrous. Seeds 2–2.2 × 1.8–2 mm, flattened-reniform, tan, the surface minutely reticulate-rugulose. Figure 1F–G. Habitat and Distribution— Solanum crassinervium occurs west of the Andes in southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador in lowland and premontane rainforest habitats, including the Mache-Chindul mountain range in northwestern Ecuador; 150–600(–1,800) m in elevation (Fig. 5). Phenology— Flowering apparently occurs year-round; fruiting specimens have been collected from Jan.–Feb., and Sept.–Dec. Conservation Status— According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. crassinervium is classified as B1a+biii (endangered). This species is restricted to rainforest habitats in northwestern Ecuador and extreme southwestern Colombia, covering an area estimated to be considerably less than 5,000 km 2. This area is one of the more inaccessible parts of Ecuador, but increasing exploitation of this area continues to decrease the amount of suitable habitat for S. crassinervium (C. Aulestia, Bilsa Biological Station, pers. comm.). Etymology— The epithet crassinervium describes the prominent secondary veins that are useful in helping distinguish this species from its closest relatives. Notes— Solanum crassinervium is one of the climbing species, and can be distinguished from the other species in the section by the somewhat fleshy texture of the stems, leaves, and flowers, its ovate to elliptical leaves with conspicuous secondary veins that are visible in fresh and dried material, and its occasionally branched inflorescences. This is the most robust species of sect. Herpystichum. Solanum crassinervium is most similar to S. evolvulifolium and S. loxophyllum, but differs from both species in its robust habit, broadly ovate leaves (vs. mostly oblong), fleshy calyx and corolla, and inflorescences that may be simple and branched on the same individual. It can be easily differentiated from S. evolvulifolium by its much larger leaves, petioles, and internodes. The leaves of both S. crassinervium and S. loxophyllum are somewhat fleshy, and both species tend to dry dark to nearly black; however, S. crassinervium has more secondary veins (5–7 vs. 3–4 pairs) and these are prominent abaxially, whereas those of S. loxophyllum are often obscure within the fleshy leaf blade (translucent in living material and flush with the leaf surface in dried material). The often stout and branched inflorescences of S. crassinervium differ from those of S. loxophyllum, which are apparently always simple, and are slender and delicate. Furthermore, inflorescences of S. crassinervium are typically produced in the leafy part of the stem, as compared to those of S. loxophyllum, which are typically borne on older, leafless parts of the stem. Additional Specimens Examined— COLOMBIA. Nariño: 1,000 m, 9 May 1939 (fl), A. H. G. Alston 8547 (BM); Trayecto Pialapi – La Planada, 1°10’N 77°58’W, 1,300 –1,700 m, 23 Jul 1988 (fr), O. de Benavides 10150 (MO); Mpio. Barbacoas, Corregimiento Altaquer, Vereda El Barro, Reserva Natural Río Ñambí, margen derecha del Río Ñambí, 1°18’N 78°08’W, 1,325 m, 1 Dec 1993 (fl), P. Franco et al. 4707 (COL, NY); Mpio. Tumaco, Resguardo de Albí, lado izquierdo del Río Albí, 1°22’N 78°28’W, 220– 280 m, 12 Nov 1995 (fl, fr), B. R. Ramírez et al. 8826 (NY); Mpio. Barbacoas, Resguardo Indígena de Saundé, 1°30’N, 78°20’W, 350 m, 21 Jan 1996 (fr), B. R. Ramírez et al. 9699 (NY). ECUADOR. Carchí: Río Blanco drainage above Chical, ca. 12 km Wof Maldonado, 1,300 –1,500 m, 25 Sep 1979 (fl), A. Gentry & G. Schupp 26522 (MO); Cantón Tulcán, Parroquia Tobar Donoso, Reserva Indígena Awá, Centro El Baboso, 0°53’N 78°25’W, 1,800 m, 17–27 Aug 1992 (fr), G. Tipaz et al. 1802 (MO); Cantón Tulcán, Parroquia Tobar Donoso, Reserva Indígena Awá, Centro El Baboso, 0°53’N 78°25’W, 1,800 m, 17–27 Aug 1992 (fr), G. Tipaz et al. 1813 (BM, NY, QCNE); border area between Prov. Carchi and Esmeraldas, 20 km past Lita on road Lita-Alto Tambo, 550 m, 25 Jun 1991 (fl), H. van der Werff et al. 11972 (MO, NY, QCNE). Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 20 km NW of Quinindé, 3 km W of Santa Isabel, 0°22’N 79°45’W, 600 m, 26 Sep 1994 (fr), J. R. Abbott 15256 (MO, SEL); San Lorenzo, Reserva Étnica Awá, Parroquia Alto Tambo, Centro de la Union, Cañon del Río Mira, 0°52’N 78°26’W, 250 m, 22 Mar 1993 (fl), C. Aulestia & M. Aulestia 1431 (MO, QCNE); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km W of Santa Isabel, reserve boundary Nfrom Station road, between the Río Cube tributary and the E-bearing boundary crossing the Río Cube, 0°21’N 79°44’W, 400–600 m, 26 Sep 1994 (fr), M. S. Bass & N. Pitman 68 (BM, NY); Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabel, 0°21’N 79°44’W, 400–600 m, 6 Dec 1994 (fl), M. S. Bass & N. Pitman 289 (MO); San José, km 321 along railroad from Ibarra to San Lorenzo, 1°N 78°W, 350 m, 5 May 1982 (fl), B. M. Boom 1374 (F, NY, QCA); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabel, Monkey Bone Trail, 0°21’N 79°44’W, 400–600 m, 15 Sep 1994 (fr), J. L. Clark & B. Adnepos 55 (MO, QCNE); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabel, 0°21’N 79°44’W, 400–600 m, 24 Jan 1995 (fl), J. L. Clark 412 (BM, NY, QCNE); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabel, 0°21’N 79°44’W, 500 m, 18 Feb 1996 (fr), J. L. Clark 2121 (BM, NY, QCNE, US); Cantón Quinindé, Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 0°21’N 79°44’W, 500 m, 1–10 Jan 1997 (fr), J. L. Clark 2993 (MO, US); Cantón Quinindé, Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 0°21’N 79°44’W, 500 m, 1–10 Jan 1997 (fr), J. L. Clark et al. 3762 (MO, NY, QCNE, US); 10 km Wof Lita on road to San Lorenzo, 0°55’N 78°30’W, 800 m, 12 May 1991 (fl), A. Gentry et al. 69984 (GOET, MO, NY); Cantón San Lorenzo, Lita to El Cristal road, finca of Dr. La Lama, 13.5 km Sof Lita, 0°49’N 78°26’W, 1,220 –1,350 m, 2 Nov 1992 (fl, fr), J. L. Luteyn et al. 14744 (MO, NY, QCA, US); Cantón Quinindé, carretera Herrera-El Páramo (Sta. Isabel), Estación Biológica Bilsa, 0°1’36.7”N 79°42′40.4″W, 580 m, 18 Feb-5 Mar 1995 (fr), W. Palacios et al. 13548 (MO, NY, QCNE); Cantón Quinindé, carretera Herrera-El Páramo (Sta. Isabel), suroeste de la casa de la Estación Biológica Bilsa, 0°1’36.7”N 79°42′40.4″W, 580 m, 2–4 Mar 1995 (fl), W. Palacios et al. 13719 (MO); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabela, Monkey Bone trail, 0°21’N 79°44’W, 400–600 m, 11 Dec 1994 (fl, fr), N. Pitman & M. Bass 1091 (MO, NY, QCNE); San Lorenzo, Territorio Awá, centro Mataje, 1°11’44”N 78°34′29″W, 200 m, 17 Nov 2000 (fl), W. Ramírez et al. 12 (NY), 15 (NY); Bilsa Biological Station, 5 km Wof Sta. Isabel, 0°20’49”N 79°42′41″W, 540 m, 14 Feb 2009 (fl, fr), S. Stern 400 (QCNE, UT); Bilsa Biological Station, 5 km Wof Sta. Isabel, 0°20’49”N 79°42′41″W, 540 m, 13 Feb 2009 (fl, fr), E. J. Tepe & S. Stern 2729 (BM, MU, NY, QCA, QCNE, UT); Eloy Alfaro, Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, Parroquia Luis Vargas Torres, Río Santiago, Estero Angostura, 0°49’S 78°45’W, 250 m, 28 Oct 1993 (fr), M. Tirado et al. 628 (MO); Eloy Alfaro, Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi- Cayapas, Parroquia Luis Vargas Torres, Río Santiago, Estero Angostura, 0°49’S 78°45’W, 250 m, 8–14 Dec 1993 (fr), M. Tirado et al. 775 (MO).Published as part of Tepe, EJ & Bohs, L, 2011, A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum, pp. 1068-1087 in Systematic Botany 36 (4) on pages 1074-1075, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, http://zenodo.org/record/632784
Acrylamide in Surface and Drinking Water
No full textThe presence of acrylamide in water is of concern from both environmental and health points of view. Acrylamide has been included among the substances to be monitored in drinking water according to the European Union Directive 98/83 on potable water. Acrylamide is accepted as a carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic material with the potential to cause nervous system damage and weakness of the limbs, exposure to water acrylamide mainly occurs via ingestion or dermal contact. Acrylamide is an unsaturated amide and the main monomer of polyacrylamides that are used as flocculants for clarification of drinking water and the treatment of municipal or industrial effluents; it is also used as a grouting agent in dams, wells, and reservoirs. Because it is highly soluble and mobile in water, acrylamide is readily releasable to potable water supplies. Acrylamide may also be released to aquatic environments from plastic, dye, and pulp mills industries. Absorption of acrylamide by fish or plants from acrylamide-contaminated water is likely to be negligible. Acrylamide in raw water cannot be removed by conventional water treatment processes; treatment with ozone or potassium permanganate may, however, decrease its concentration. Bacterial use of acrylamide as a source of nitrogen and carbon leads to the main acrylamide degradation in water. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
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