1,720,956 research outputs found
The role of associative and non-associative learning in the training of horses and implications for the welfare (a review)
Get PDFHorses were domesticated 6000 years ago and since then different types of approaches have been developed to enhance the horse's wellbeing and the human-horse relationship. Even though horse training is an increasingly important research area and many articles have been published on the subject, equitation is still the sport with the highest rate of human injuries, and a significant percentage of horses are sold or slaughtered due to behavioral problems. One explanation for this data is that the human-horse relationship is complex and the communication between humans and horses has not yet been accurately developed. Thus, this review addresses correct horse training based on scientific knowledge in animal learning and psychology. Specifically, it starts from the basic communication between humans and horses and then focuses on associative and non-associative learning, with many practical outcomes in horse management from the ground and under saddle. Finally, it highlights the common mistakes in the use of negative reinforcement, as well as all the implications that improper training could have on horse welfare. Increased levels of competence in horse training could be useful for equine technicians, owners, breeders, veterinarians, and scientists, in order to safeguard horse welfare, and also to reduce the number of human injuries and economic loss for civil society and the public health system
The role of associative and non-associative learning in the training of horses and implications for the welfare (a review)
Get PDFHorses were domesticated 6000 years ago and since then different types of approaches have been developed to enhance the horse's wellbeing and the human-horse relationship. Even though horse training is an increasingly important research area and many articles have been published on the subject, equitation is still the sport with the highest rate of human injuries, and a significant percentage of horses are sold or slaughtered due to behavioral problems. One explanation for this data is that the human-horse relationship is complex and the communication between humans and horses has not yet been accurately developed. Thus, this review addresses correct horse training based on scientific knowledge in animal learning and psychology. Specifically, it starts from the basic communication between humans and horses and then focuses on associative and non-associative learning, with many practical outcomes in horse management from the ground and under saddle. Finally, it highlights the common mistakes in the use of negative reinforcement, as well as all the implications that improper training could have on horse welfare. Increased levels of competence in horse training could be useful for equine technicians, owners, breeders, veterinarians, and scientists, in order to safeguard horse welfare, and also to reduce the number of human injuries and economic loss for civil society and the public health system
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Knowledge and Practical Application of Learning Theory in Equine Training.
No full textLearning theories applied to training are a major aspect of Equitation Science. Learning Theory (LT) explains why and how animals learn - in every species from humans to horses. However, most horse training practices have been in existence longer than LT, or the understanding of an animal's learning and cognitive processes. Because of this, there is very little use or even acknowledgement of LT in most training techniques. The need to investigate into LT applied to equitation is necessary to improving the practice of riding. This new knowledge, combining equitation and LT, could be used to make training more ethical, sustainable, and safer for both horse and the rider or handler. The topic of LT has become more relevant also in the veterinary field. In recent years, there has been a call to improve understanding of LT and ES in equine veterinarian programs. Equine Veterinarian Practitioner programs go more into these topics because knowledge of these subjects has been shown to both reduce numbers of injuries and increase clinical efficacy. This paper, using a survey, investigated the current knowledge among practitioners regarding their understanding and application of learning theory. Two of the handling aspects with the lowest scores were ability to recognize avoidance behaviors (AB) in regards to the application of a negative stimulus and proper use of the whip. These findings guided follow-up research consisting of a few things. First, the creation of a simple protocol that was effective in reducing AB during handling procedures. Second, a scientific demonstration of the correct use of the whip. Since most of the techniques at the disposal of practitioners to address AB are based on restraint, non-associative learning or classical conditioning, it was theorized that the root of problems could be that AB starts as a Fight or Flight response but quickly becomes an organized operant conditioned response. It was hypothesized that a behavior modification technique should be rooted in operant conditioning. Several solutions were considered until it was decided to implement and test a behavior modification based on Differential Negative Reinforcement of an Incompatible Behavior (DNRI). Another topic investigated the different modalities of the use of the whip. This showed that the most effective and humane way to use the whip to communicate with the horse is a constant tapping, with intervals under a second.
The research has shown that combining LT with equitation greatly improve safety, welfare and efficacy. In particular, it has proven that DNRI is an effective behavior modification technique to be used during routine husbandry and veterinary procedures. It's common for horses to show AB during such procedures and practitioners need to constantly train to extinguish those unwanted behaviors. DNRI is efficient, as it does not require multiple skilled people to be implemented, just one person can apply the sequence and modify the behaviors
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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