3,126 research outputs found
Wh-Islands: A View from Correspondence Theory
No full textThis paper discusses a family of restrictions on syntactic extraction, so-called wh-islands. The analysis will be based on the OT syntax model developed in Vogel (2004a,b) which focuses on the correspondence between semantic, syntactic and phonological representations, in the spirit of work by Jackendoff (1997), Williams (2003) and Culicover & Jackendoff (2005). I will argue that the wh-island restriction results from the impossibility to establish a perfect semantics-syntax mapping in the relevant structures. The resulting constraint violations add up to yield the wh-island effect. Exceptions to the wh-island restrictions in English are argued to be prosodically licensed.
Section 2 introduces the model I am using, and presents examples of some accounts of ineffability which I developed elsewhere. That section also introduces the basics of my treatment of wh-movement. Section 3 develops the account of wh-islands. Section 4 discusses the exceptions to the wh-island restriction that we see in English, and extends my account to handle these cases. The OT implementation of this account is presented in Section 5.The definitive version of this paper is published in Modeling Ungrammaticality in Optimality Theory. It is available at https://www.equinoxpub.com/equinox/books/showbook.asp?bkid=212Vogel, R. (2009). Wh-Islands: A View from Correspondence Theory. In C. Rice (Ed.), Ungrammaticality in Optimality Theory. Oakville, CT:Equinox Pub. Ltd, 2009ISBN-13 9781845532154 (published book
The interaction of syntax, prosody, and discourse in licensing French wh-in-situ questions
No full textThe current experiment addresses the proposal by Cheng & Rooryk (2000) that wh-in-situ questions in French are marked by an obligatory rising contour, which is the result of an intonation morpheme [Q: ] in C. Twelve native French speakers participated in a production study in which they produced the target interrogatives, along with a range of similar sentences. While most participants were perceived to assign wh-in-situ questions a sentence-final rise, a minority was not. Moreover, the rise associated with wh-in-situ was smaller than the rise exhibited in yes-no questions, which C&R claim to be licensed by the same morpheme. Given that these two results are unexpected under C&R’s account, we conducted a further acoustic analysis of the productions, which revealed that for sentences lacking a sentence-final rise, the the in situ wh-word had an elevated high pitch accent. A statistical analysis shows a negative correlation between the height of the pitch accent assigned to the wh-word and the presence and height of the sentence-final rise, indicating that instead of the sentence-final rise for wh-in-situ questions being optional, it may instead be variable and predictable by focus placed on the wh-word, for discourse reasons. We discuss three possibilities for the status of the intonation morpheme concerning yes-no and wh-questions and the role of information structure in French wh-in-situ questions.Peer reviewed
Wh-doublets in Cantonese
No full textM.Phil.This thesis examines grammatical features of the wh-reduplication (namely “whdoublets”) in Cantonese, which has not been well documented in existing literature on Cantonese grammar. From previous descriptive works on this phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese (e.g. Yu 1964; Bai 2008; Xu 2010), three major claims are reviewed through Cantonese data: (i) wh-doublets have non-interrogative use; (ii) wh-doublets are used in reported speech; and (iii) wh-doublets have plural interpretation. First, I show that the wh-doublet is different from other wh-interpretations in terms of distribution and interpretation. It cannot simply be treated as a resulting form of stuttering or self-repair, and it is important to study this phenomenon independently. Second, wh-doublets are licensed in quotative context. More precisely, they can appear inside a quotation, with the presence of quotative markers or within the scope of clause-taking predicates, which can be generalized as syntactic or pragmatic means to introduce quotative contexts. The necessary quotativity shows that the use of whdoublets always involves another context. Third, although many typological findings support the argument that reduplicative constructions tend to trigger plural interpretations, the grammaticality judgment survey conducted in this study provides evidence against the necessary plurality of wh-doublets. Native speakers generally accept both singular and plural interpretations for wh-doublets, which is different from the common descriptions in the past literature. From these observations on the Cantonese wh-doublet, the issue of iconicity regarding reduplicative constructions is also discussed.While the quotative use of wh-doublets poses challenge to the traditional view that quantification into quotations is impossible, I adopt the intensional semantic system in Heim and Kratzer (1998), together with Sudo’s (2013) metalinguistic quantification, to spell out the lexical meaning of the Cantonese wh-doublet and derive the semantic computation with other linguistic elements. This analysis captures two main properties: (i) the use of wh-doublets implies that the matrix subject being reported has access to a particular entity; and (ii) the wh-doublet itself is an indefinite that ranges over linguistic expressions.本文旨在探討廣東話重疊疑問詞的語法特徵。鑑於文獻並未有對此現象作出深究，本文評論過往對普通話同一現象的描述性研究（于細良1964、白雁2008、徐默凡2010 等）所持的三大主張：（一） 重疊疑問詞有非疑問用法，（二）重疊疑問詞一般用於複述句，（三）重疊疑問詞有複數意思。透過廣東話例子，本文表明重疊疑問詞在語法分佈及意思理解上都有別於其他疑問詞用法，亦非口吃或自我修正的結果，而是「疑問詞」另一非疑問用法。本文亦提出重疊疑問詞被允准出現於引述語境中，準確來說，它能出現在引述句子中、在引述標記的情況中或在補語子句的轄域中。這些允准條件都能被視為引入引述語境的句法或語用手段，而其引述的必要性顯示重疊疑問句經常涉及另一語境。雖然很多類型學研究支持重疊結構傾向獲得複數意思這個觀點，而過去文獻均表示重疊疑問詞有複數意思，但本研究語感調查則得到相反的證據，母語使用者一般允許重疊疑問詞單數和複數的理解。除以上對廣東話重疊疑問詞的觀察，本文探討重疊結構的象似性議題。此外，重疊疑問詞的引述用法對引述句不能進行量化的傳統論述引起難題。本文結合Heim 及Kratzer (1998) 的內涵語義系統與Sudo (2013) 的元語言量化理論，說明廣東話重疊疑問詞的詞義，並結合其他語言部分作語義運算。此分析嘗試解釋兩個特點：（一）使用重疊疑問詞暗示被引述的主語能擷取某個特定個體的資訊，（二）重疊疑問詞是只限於語言表達式的不定指詞。Wong, Hok Yuen.Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2018.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-123).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 11, August, 2020)
Modal existential wh-constructions
No full textThis dissertation is a thorough investigation of the syntax, semantics, and typology of modal existential wh-constructions – the last major type of wh-construction (next to questions and relative clauses) that is still relatively poorly understood. The author argues that their proper analysis enhances our understanding of a variety of richly discussed issues, including the syntax-semantics of argument structure, event structure, existential predicates, wh-movement, covert modality, and obligatory control.
The author argues for a radically new approach to modal existential wh-constructions. His core idea is that they are not ordinary objects of the verb which they are selected by (a predicate expressing the state of existence or availability, or a complex predicate leading to such a state), as previously assumed, but rather constitute an additional independent argument. This argument is an integral part of the complex event structure of the matrix verb – its “event extension” – and as such characterizes possible developments of the state or event denoted by the matrix predicate. The proposed analysis accounts for many apparently unmotivated properties of these constructions, including their highly restricted scope, modality, and syntactic distribution on the one hand, and a relative freedom of their internal syntactic shape on the other. The analysis also reveals a previously unobserved but remarkably tight relationship between modal existential wh-constructions and English purpose clauses.
This dissertation is of interest to theoretically and typologically oriented linguists working on wh-constructions, purpose clauses, existential sentences, event structure, and modality. On a more general level, it deals with issues at the syntax-semantics and syntax-pragmatics interface.
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Dit proefschrift is een grondige studie van de syntaxis, semantiek en typologie van modale existentiële wh-constructies – het laatste hoofdtype van wh-constructies (naast vraagzinnen en relatiefzinnen) dat tot nu toe onderbelicht is gebleven. De auteur beargumenteert dat een goede analyse van deze constructies ook tot een beter begrip leidt van een veelheid aan vraagstukken die gerelateerd zijn aan de syntaxis en semantiek van argumentstructuur, event-structuur, existentiële predicaten, wh-verplaatsing, coverte modaliteit en verplichte controle.
De auteur bepleit een radicaal nieuwe analyse van modale existentiële wh-constructies. Het kernidee is dat ze niet, zoals eerder werd aangenomen, een gewoon object zijn van het werkwoord waardoor ze geselecteerd worden (een predicaat dat een bestaanstoestand uitdrukt of een toestand van beschikbaarheid, of een complex predicaat dat tot zo’n toestand leidt), maar juist een toegevoegd onafhankelijk argument. Zo’n argument is een integraal onderdeel van de complexe event-structuur van het matrixwerkwoord – de “event-extensie” – en als zodanig karakteriseert het de mogelijke ontwikkelingen van de toestand of gebeurtenis zoals gedenoteerd door dat werkwoord. De voorgestelde analyse verklaart verscheidene ogenschijnlijk ongemotiveerde eigenschappen van modale existentiële wh-constructies, inclusief hun beperkte bereik, modaliteit en syntactische distributie aan de ene kant, en hun relatieve vrijheid wat betreft de interne syntactisch opbouw aan de andere kant. De analyse onthult ook een tot nu toe onbekende maar opmerkelijk nauwe relatie tussen modale existentiële wh-constructies en “purpose clauses” zoals in het Engels.
Dit proefschrift is van belang voor theoretisch en typologisch georiënteerde taalkundigen die geïnteresseerd zijn in wh-constructies, purpose clauses, existentiële zinnen, event-structuur en modaliteit. Op een meer algemeen niveau behandelt het kwesties die betrekking hebben op de interfaces tussen de syntaxis, semantiek en pragmatiek.
Wh-ex-situ in Mandarin Chinese: Mapping Between Information Structure and Split CP
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the so-called <em>wh</em>-ex-situ phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese. It shows that there are four different types of <em>wh</em>-ex-situ in the left-periphery of Mandarin: Type I: extracted <em>wh</em>-topic, Type II: extracted <em>wh</em>-focus, Type III: base-generated <em>wh</em>-topic and Type IV: base-generated <em>wh</em>-focus. This differs from preceding accounts which analyze all ex-situ <em>wh</em>-phrases either as topics (cf. Tang 1988, Wu 1999) or as foci (cf. Cheung 2008, 2014). These four types display different syntactic and semantic properties. While <em>wh</em>-topics (extracted and base-generated) must be D-linked and obey locality constraints as well as the “episodic eventuality” constraint (cf. Zhang 2002), ex-situ <em>wh-</em>foci do not. However, the four types all satisfy general semantic constraints on interrogatives. Within the split-CP architecture in Chinese, ex-situ <em>wh</em>-topics and ex-situ <em>wh</em>-foci occupy different positions, TopP being higher than FocP. 
Dapagliflozin Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Inadequate Glycemic Control by Diet and Exercise A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
No full textOBJECTIVE - Dapagliflozin, a highly selective inhibitor of the renal sodium-glucose co-transporter-2, increases urinary excretion of glucose and lowers plasma glucose levels in an insulin-independent manner. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - This was a 24-week parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Patients with A1C 7.0-10% (n = 485) were randomly assigned to one of seven arms to receive once-daily placebo or 2.5, 5, or 10 mg dapagliflozin once daily in the morning (main cohort) or evening (exploratory cohort). Patients with A1C 10.1-12% (high-A1C exploratory cohort, it n=73) were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive blinded treatment with a morning close of 5 or 10 mg/day dapagliflozin. The primary end point was change from baseline in A1C in the main cohort, statistically tested using an ANCOVA. RESULTS - In the main cohort, mean A1C changes from baseline at week 24 were -0.23% with placebo and -0.58, -0.77 (P = 0.0005 vs. placebo), and -0.89% (P < 0.0001, vs. placebo) with 2.5, 5, and 10 mg dapagliflozin, respectively. Signs, symptoms, and other reports suggestive of urinary tract infections and genital infection were more frequently noted in the dapagliflozin arms. There were no major episodes of hypoglycemia. Data from exploratory cohorts were consistent with these results. CONCLUSIONS - Dapagliflozin lowered hyperglycemia in treatment-naive patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The near absence of hypoglycemia and an insulin-independent mechanism of action make dapagliflozin a unique addition to existing treatment options for type 2 diabetes
Study on Chinese English Learners’ Acquisition of Wh-Movement Constraints
No full textThis paper mainly investigates Chinese university students’ acquisition of constraints on English Wh-movement, with the aim of providing some evidence of the accessibility of universal grammar (UG) in second language acquisition (SLA). One UG principle, the Subjacency Principle, puts constraints on English Wh-movement and this is the major study point of the present study. The author selects a certain number of Chinese university students as participants and carries out a grammaticality judgment test. Since there does not involve Wh-movement in Chinese language, and Chinese students have no access to the Subjacency Principle during their daily studies, then if it happens that the subjects shows certain degree of obedience to this principle, a conclusion could be drawn that UG is still accessible and operative in SLA. Abroad, numerous linguistic researchers in the field of SLA have done studies concerning the Subjacency Principle, while in China, scarce similar studies have been made. The author firstly checks Chinese participants’ acceptance of grammatical long-distance Wh-movement and their rejection of ungrammatical Wh-movement with violations of the Subjacency principle, with the latter one as the major point. The discussion of the study is focused on the participant’s responses to varying degrees of Subjacency violations. The experimental results show that the Chinese subjects have demonstrated a certain degree of acceptance of the long-distance Wh-movement and of rejection of Subjacency violations. Therefore, the author concludes that UG is still available and operative in SLA, while the extent to which it is accessible still requires to be further studied
Phasehood of Wh-Questions in Modern Standard Arabic
No full textabstract: Wh-questions have been widely discussed in different languages such as English, Mandarin Chinese, Italian, and Russian, but little attention has been paid to the structure of wh-questions in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Thus, this dissertation attempts to analyze the structure of wh-questions using the current frameworks: Minimalism and Cartography.
In the late 1990s, Chomsky established the Minimalist Program which aims to describe the clause structure in as simple and economic mechanism as possible, and he advanced his famous research program to include phase theory, which aims to restrict the syntactic operations. On the other side, Rizzi (1997, 2001) proposed the Cartographic approach. In this approach, Rizzi attempted to analyze the left periphery domain in detail, and suggested the split CP hypothesis. Following those two approaches, Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015) unified them into one approach and suggested that ForceP, TopicP, and IntP are phasal domain while FocusP, FinP, and WhP are not. An overview of the Chomskyan model and Rizzi’s approach has been provided in Chapter 2. Also, this dissertation discussed the unified approach by Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015).
In addition to the overview of the general frameworks, this dissertation discussed the clause structure such as the word order, left periphery domain (i.e., CP), and resumption in MSA. Furthermore, Chapter 2 presented the earlier studies on the wh-questions in MSA and highlighted the major gap which this dissertation attempts to fill. In these studies the structure of wh-questions in MSA were mis-analyzed because the surface structure of the nine wh-questions might look the same, but, in fact, they are not. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to (re)study the structure of wh-questions with taking into consideration the resumption and [definiteness].
In Chapter 3, the methodology and corpus analysis, which is used in collecting the wh-questions in MSA, are discussed. Finally, Chapter 4 analyzed the corpus findings based on the unified approach by Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015) and showed some evidence that man ‘who’ and ayy ‘which’ questions in MSA are in phasal phrase (i.e., IntP) while the rest of wh-questions are not.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation English 201
Lysiteles clavellatus Tang, Yin, Peng, Ubick & Griswold, 2008, sp. nov.
No full textLysiteles clavellatus sp. nov. Figs 3 a–l, 21 Type material: Holotype: male, CHINA, Yunnan Province, Tengchong County, Jietou Township, Datang Village, Daheling, Ganjiao [N 25.74556 °, E098.69630°], 2030 m, 15 May 2006, Xian-Jin Peng, Xin-Ping Wang and Peng Hu (HNU-PWH 06051505). Paratypes: Tengchong County: 1 ɗ, 9 Ψ, same data as holotype (HNU-PWH 06051505); 2 ɗ, 18 Ψ, same locality and collectors as holotype [N 25.75720 °, E098.69459°], 2078 m, 16 May 2006 (WH 06051605, 2 ɗ, 2 Ψ: HNU; 16 Ψ: CAS); 3 ɗ, 1 Ψ, same locality and collectors as holotype [N 25.42018 °, E098.40946°], 1878 m, 19 May 2006 (CAS-PWH 06051906); 4 Ψ, Houqiao Township, Guyong Forestry Center [N 25.39573 °, E098.31228°], 2583 m, 27 May 2006, Xin-Ping Wang and Peng Hu (HNU-WH 06052704); 2 Ψ, Manbang Township, Longchuan River, Longwen Bridge [N 25.01408 º, E 98.40583 º], 1306 m, 20 October 2003, Guo Tang (HNU-Tang 03102004); 5 Ψ, Mingguang Township, Zizhi Village, Cizhuhe [N 25.45598 °, E098.37026°], 2120 m, 21 May 2006, Chang-Min Yin and Jia-Fang Hu (HNU-YHY0908); 5 Ψ, Mingguang Township, Zizhi Village [N 25.46580 °, E098.36588°], 2200 m, 21 May 2006, Xiao-Hua Yang (CAS-YHY 1004). Gongshan County: 1 Ψ, Dizhengdang Village [N 28.0443 º, E 98.19322 º], 1841 m, 27–30 October 2004, Guo Tang (CAS- Tang 040503). Fugong County: 2 Ψ, Lishadi Township, Shibali [N 27.10520 º, E098.77980º], 2530 m, 4–10 August 2005, Guo Tang (HNU-Tang 050203). Etymology. The specific name comes from the Latin clavellatus, meaning small and stick-like and referring to the shape of the embolus, adjective. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to L. transversus sp. nov. (Figs 19 a–c) in general appearance, but can be separated from the latter by: the palp with 2 tibial apophyses versus 3 in L. transversus; embolus small stick-like (tube-shaped and twisted basally in L. transversus); epigynum without visible atrium versus with large atrium in L. transversus. Description. Male (holotype): Total length 3.10. Prosoma 1.40 long, 1.28 wide; opisthosoma 1.80 long, 1.15 wide. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellow with a bilateral pair of longitudinal blackish brown stripes. Ocular area blackish brown, eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.15, PLE 0.10, AME 0.08, PME 0.05; AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.20, PME-PLE 0.22, MOA 0.25 long with front width 0.29 and back width 0.30. Sternum yellow. Chelicerae, gnathocoxae, labium yellowish brown. Legs yellow, distal parts of femora, tibiae and metatarsi blackish brown. Leg measurements: I 6.35 (1.95, 2.00, 1.40, 1.00), II 6.70 (2.00, 2.10, 1.50, 1.10), III 3.50 (1.10, 1.20, 0.60, 0.60), IV 3.80 (1.20, 1.30, 0.70, 0.60); formula 2, 1, 4, 3. Legs with many spines, including femora I with 3 prolateral spines, femora I–III with 4 dorsal spines, femora IV with 3 dorsal spines; tibiae I, II with 2 pairs of ventral spines and 2 prolateral, retrolateral dorsal spines, tibiae III, IV with 1 pair of ventral spines. Opisthosoma dorsum yellow, covered with longitudinal black markings; laterally yellow with a black ring; venter yellow with a pair of small stripes before spinnerets. Palp (Figs 3 e–g, j). palp with VTA and RTA, VTA apically curved, RTA small digitiform, distal parts strongly sclerotized, bulb flat with a small ATA, embolus twisted and nail-shaped. Female (one of the paratypes, HNU-PWH 06051505): Total length 3.20. Prosoma 1.40 long, 1.26 wide; opisthosoma 1.80 long, 1.50 wide. Body color lighter than in male, markings as in male. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.14, PLE 0.11, AME 0.09, PME 0.06, AME-AME 0.15, AME-ALE 0.13, PME-PME 0.21, PME-PLE 0.23; MOA 0.25 long, front width 0.30, back width 0.31. Sternum, chelicerae, gnathocoxae, labium yellow. Legs yellow with short spines, femora I with 3 prolateral spines, femora I–III with 3 (1 - 1 - 0-1) dorsal spines; tibiae I, II with 2 pairs of ventral spines, tibiae III, IV with 1 ventral spines. Leg measurements: I 4.00 (1.40, 1.40, 0.60, 0.60), II 4.20 (1.40, 1.50, 0.70, 0.60), III 2.80 (1.00, 1.00, 0.50, 0.30), IV 3.00 0 (1.00, 1.10, 0.50, 0.40); formula 2, 1, 4, 3. Opisthosoma grayish yellow with black bilateral stripes and some small white spots; the lateral with black lines; venter yellow with a pair of small blackish brown stripes before spinnerets. Epigyne-vulva (Figs 3 h–i, k–l). Atrium invisible; copulatory opening anterior; copulatory ducts short, spermathecae pyriform. Variation. Total length: males 2.60–3.10 (n = 8); females 2.80–3.40 (n = 46). The female abdominal markings vary greatly in size and pigmentation: one specimen yellow with gray markings, another grayish yellow with black markings (Figs 3 b–d). Distribution. China (recorded from three counties in Yunnan Province: Tengchong, Gongshan and Fugong).Published as part of Tang, Guo, Yin, Chang-Ming, Peng, Xian-Jin, Ubick, Darrell & Griswold, Charles, 2008, The crab spiders of the genus Lysiteles from Yunnan Province, China (Araneae: Thomisidae), pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 1742 on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18154
A critical review of anti-adrenergic therapy in patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus
No full textWH Wilson TangSection of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USAAbstract: Anti-adrenergic therapy has been widely accepted as an important therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic heart failure. However, there has been continuing controversy regarding the risks and clinical significance of metabolic effects of different anti-adrenergic drugs. This review summarizes what has been learned from clinical trial evidence regarding the benefits of anti-adrenergic drugs in diabetic patients with chronic heart failure.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, anti-adrenergic drugs, carvedilo
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