1,720,969 research outputs found
Protective major histocompatibility complex allele prevents type 1 diabetes by shaping the intestinal microbiota early in ontogeny
No full textSignificance
This report brings a new perspective on the decades-old question of how MHC and HLA complexes can potently protect against a variety of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. We demonstrated that protection by the MHC-II Eα:Eβ complex operated via modulation of the composition of the intestinal microbiota during a critical early window of ontogeny, associated with modification of the local immune system. These findings prompt a model of HLA/MHC-mediated protection from autoimmunity, and raise the question of whether disease-protective alleles in other human autoimmune diseases or models thereof might operate by a similar mechanism. They also argue that treating infants and pregnant mothers with antibiotics should be minimized.</jats:p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Psoriasis: A Study of the Skin Transcriptome and Microbiome
Full text linkPsoriasis is a complex autoimmune skin disorder characterized by dry, scaly plaques and painful flares. Even though genetic contribution and environmental factors are suspected, the exact trigger of psoriasis is not well understood. The chronic condition of the disease and the lack of effective and definitive treatments are burdens on the patients. Recent emergence of transcriptome and genomic datasets for the host, as well as the taxonomic datasets for the microbiome has enabled the use of bioinformatics approaches to investigate altered gene circuits in psoriasis. As a first step, open source microarray datasets of psoriasis were analyzed in context of other skin conditions. The analysis showed that upregulated genes in the psoriasis transcriptome included those involved in epidermal differentiation complex and antimicrobial processes, while the top downregulated genes were involved in lipid metabolism. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways that were enriched with significantly altered genes point to the upregulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The psoriasis gene signature was distinctive from other inflammatory skin conditions and it resembled the wound healing process in terms of keratinization and immune response signals. On the microbiome side, over-abundance of opportunistic bacteria on the psoriasis microbiome was observed compared to controls. Virulence genes were consistently in high abundance across different body sites. Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells gene pathway was crowded with both significantly altered genes on the host side and high-abundance orthologs on the microbiome side. The findings suggested bacterial involvement in the initiation or maintenance of psoriasis flares. Genetic components also play a role in susceptibility to psoriasis. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) is one of the regions that has previously been associated with psoriasis through Genome Wide Association studies. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) typed in the HapMap dataset (11 ethnic populations) within the HLA region have been analyzed using extended haplotype homozygosity based tests to identify positive selection on polymorphisms that have not yet reached fixation. Results showed regional specificity of positive selection signals on the sub-classes of HLA. The positive selection signals in Class I sub-region showed European ancestry specificity with intronic SNPs on a psoriasis related gene PSORS1C1 as well as on TCF19, MUC22, TRIM10, and TRIM15. The region specific selection signals were also seen in the Class III region for the East Asian populations and in the Class II region for African ancestry populations. Similar to single population tests, the cross population tests showed that the significant SNPs were concentrated in the Class II region for African ancestry populations, whereas for European ancestry populations, they were concentrated in the Class I region. The results show how positive selection of a SNP can encourage genetic hitchhiking of the susceptibility SNPs for a disease along with a SNP that is under positive selection. This research thesis bridges large scale transcriptome datasets of the host and operational taxonomy unit abundance datasets of the microbiome, opening up new avenues for drug repositioning studies by pointing out specific host-microbiome genes as drug targets.Ph.D., Biomedical Engineering -- Drexel University, 201
Unassigning bacterial species for microbiome studies
No full text<p>The data used to generate the figures in the paper are presented here.</p>
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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