1,720,990 research outputs found
Perbaikan Kinerja Proses Produksi dan Lingkungan Pabrik Gula Sistem Tertutup dengan Pendekatan Keseimbangan Massa dan LCA
No full textPermasalahan pabrik gula (PG) di Indonesia adalah inefisiensi energi dan air sehingga berpengaruh pada biaya produksi dan dampak lingkungan. Dampak lingkungan dihitung berdasarkan penilaian siklus hidup Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Tujuan utama penelitian ini merancang perbaikan kinerja sistem produksi dan lingkungan pabrik gula kristal putih (GKP) sistem tertutup. LCA produksi gula di pabrik gula mulai dari budidaya tebu, transportasi dan pengolahan gula (cradle to gate). Unit fungsional yaitu konsumsi energi dan potensi emisi karbon pada produksi satu ton GKP. Metode perhitungan Global Warning Potential (GWP). (IPCC 100 tahun) dan kebutuhan energi (Cumulative energy Demand) menggunakan software Simapro 8.5.
Rata-rata produktivitas budidaya tebu sebanyak 89.8 ton/ha. Kapasitas produksi PG Ngadirejo adalah 5 532.8 ton tebu per hari. Kelembaban ampas tebu 50%, kadar sukrosa 2.76% menghasilkan NCV (Net Calorific Value) sebesar 7.5 MJ/kg ampas menghasilkan 2.15 kg uap/kg ampas tebu. Kinerja spesifik berdasarkan keseimbangan massa proses produksi 1 ton GKP membutuhkan 12.5 ton tebu, menghasilkan ampas 3.5 ton, blotong 0.3 ton, molase 0.6 ton dan kehilangan produk 4.5% dari tebu giling. Kebutuhan energi dan air proses pengolahan GKP dapat dipenuhi secara mandiri. Potensi kelebihan listrik 62.4 kWh/ton GKP relatif rendah dibandingkan dengan benchmark. Potensi kelebihan air 4 660 liter air/ton GKP setara 0.8 m3 per ton tebu melebihi kebutuhan air sebanyak 0.4 m3/ton tebu. Kelebihan air di pabrik gula mampu memenuhi kebutuhan air minum 575 orang/hari (kebutuhan air 8 liter/orang/hari).
Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi terhadap parameter proses penentuan rendemen Mill Extraction (ME=92.6%), Boiling House Recovery (BHR=82.7%) dan pol tebu (10.8%) menunjukkan kinerja pabrik gula kurang efisien karena capaiannya berada di bawah PG Mauritius. Perumusan jumlah GKP pabrik gula dengan nilai koefisien regresi variabel pol tebu, ME, BHR sebesar 0.84, 0.17, 0.06 dan intercept -21.5 menggunakan tiga skenario. Pertama, perolehan GKP berdasarkan data faktual perusahaan menghasilkan 83 116.5 ton GKP/tahun. Kedua, perolehan GKP berdasarkan kondisi pol tebu PG Mauritius dan mesin PG Ngadirejo 94 162.0 ton GKP/tahun. Ketiga berdasarkan pol tebu PG Ngadirejo dan mesin PG Mauritius 103 428.5 ton GKP/tahun. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa perbaikan kinerja PG Ngadirejo dapat meningkatkan produksi pada skenario 2 sebesar 10 045.5 ton/tahun dan skenario 3 sebesar 20 312.0 ton/tahun. Peningkatan produksi GKP dari skenario 1 ke skenario 2 sebesar 12.1%, ke skenario 3 sebesar 24.4%. Kenaikan ini berkontribusi nyata dalam pencapaian target pemerintah. Produksi GKP nasional: 2.2 juta ton/tahun, jika kenaikan ini dilakukan secara menyeluruh, maka terjadi peningkatan produksi GKP menjadi 2.5 juta ton/tahun pada skenario 2 dan 2.7 ton/tahun pada skenario 3.
Kebutuhan energi per ton GKP skenario 1, 2 dan 3 adalah 29.8 GJ, 25.3 GJ dan 23.5 GJ, potensi energi 51.2 GJ, 47.3 GJ dan 44.3 GJ dan angka NER 1.7, 1.9 dan 1.9 dengan rendemen sebesar 8.3%, 9.4%, dan 10.2% berturut-turut.
Kebutuhan energi skenario 3 lebih rendah, demikian juga rendemen yang dihasilkan pada skenario 3 lebih tinggi dibandingkan skenario 1 dan skenario 2. Sehingga rekomendasi perbaikan pabrik gula yang diutamakan adalah mengikuti skenario 3 yaitu peningkatan efisiensi pabrik ME dan BHR.
Penilaian kinerja lingkungan menggunakan LCA pada sistem produksi PG menggunakan perhitungan emisi GRK dengan klasifikasi GWP. Tebu menghasilkan emisi 59 kg CO2eq/ton tebu sama dengan 685 CO2eq/ton GKP setara 5.2 ton CO2eq/ha. Transportasi dari kebun ke PG menghasilkan emisi 0.2 kg CO2eq/tkm (ton kilo meter) atau 7.54 kg CO2eq/ton GKP setara dengan 4.6 kg CO2eq/ton tebu pada jarak 21.5 km. Emisi pengolahan GKP kogenerasi batubara 105 kg CO2eq/ton GKP, kontribusi substansi CO2=242.2 kg, N2O=1.8 kg dan CH4=0.9 kg per ton GKP. Emisi GRK kogenerasi ampas 10 kg CO2-eq/ton GKP, kontribusi substansi CO2=172.4 kg, N2O=1.9 kg dan CH4=0.4 kg per ton GKP. Penggunaan ampas sebagai bahan bakar kogenerasi mampu mengurangi emisi 95 kg CO2eq/ton GKP setara dengan 42 ton CO2eq/hari. Emisi untuk menghasilkan listrik 1 kWh pada kogenerasi batubara 1.31 kg CO2eq, sementara kogenerasi ampas 0.02 kg CO2eq. Batubara menghasilkan emisi CO2eq sejumlah 65.5 kali dibandingkan ampas tebu untuk menghasilkan energi listrik yang sama. Sistem produksi pabrik gula menghasilkan emisi pada skenario 1, 2 dan 3 adalah 755 kg CO2eq, 644 kg CO2eq, 593 kg CO2eq. Sejalan dengan rekomendasi perbaikan PG terhadap peningkatan efisiensi ditunjukkan juga dengan pelepasan emisi skenario 3 lebih rendah dibandingkan skenario 1 dan skenario 2.
Potensi energi dari blotong dan molase 9 240 MJ/ton GKP sama dengan 2 566.7 kWh/ton GKP setara dengan 1.14 GWh/hari. Pengembangan PG sistem tertutup dinyatakan dengan pembangkit listrik biomassa (skenario 4) menghasilkan emisi 60.4 kg CO2eq/ton GKP setara dengan 4 828.9 ton CO2eq/tahun. Kebutuhan energi skenario 4 sebesar 0.18 MJ/kWh dengan emisi 11.8 g CO2eq/MJ setara 23.5 g CO2eq/kWh. Pembangkit listrik diesel (skenario 5) membutuhkan energi 18.2 MJ/kWh dan melepaskan emisi 0.34 kg CO2eq/MJ atau 1.2 kg CO2eq/kWh. Pembangkit listrik batu bara (skenario 6) membutuhkan energi 16 MJ/kWh melepaskan emisi 0.5 kg CO2eq/MJ atau 1.7 kg CO2eq/kWh.
Penilaian ekoefisiensi berdasarkan capaian reduksi emisi pada pabrik gula skenario 2 sebesar 14.7% dan skenario 3 sebesar 21.5% terhadap skenario 1. Penilaian kinerja kebutuhan energi dan lingkungan pada sistem produksi pabrik gula sistem tertutup (skenario 4) menunjukkan pengurangan kebutuhan energi dan pelepasan emisi. Energi listrik biomassa (blotong dan molase) mampu memenuhi kebutuhan listrik 280 ribu rumah tangga/hari selama musim giling.
Produksi PG sistem tertutup memenuhi konsumsi gula nasional mampu memenuhi kebutuhan 2.8% kebutuhan listrik nasional dan mengurangi emisi sebesar 3% dari penurunan emisi target pemerintah sebesar 29%. Penerapan pembangkit listrik menggunakan hasil samping menghasilkan nilai kredit karbon karena mengurangi pelepasan emisi. Nilai kredit karbon penggunaan bahan bakar ampas tebu dan pembangkit listrik biomassa PG Ngadirejo sebanyak 9 095.6 ton CO2-eq/tahun dan 245 786.5 ton CO2-eq/tahun berturut-turut
A CLOSED MODEL OF PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR INDEPENDENT ENERGY IN CORN FLOURS INDUSTRY.
No full textCorn flours industry consumes large amounts of energy (98 kWh/ton) in the processing of corn to corn flours. The main source of energy have been fossil fuel which availability is declining overtime. A continued dependency on this energy source would become constraining factor in the very near future. In addition, the production of corn flours produced wastes that can be used as a source of alternative sustainable energy. The purpose of this research was to develop a model of the mass balance and energy of corn flours processing industry as an energy independent system so as to minimize dependence on fossil energy. The results are expected to be a reference to the development of independent or more efficient energy corn flours industry. The model was developed to depict the actual situation of corn flours production process. The output of the model showed that obtained yield of corn flours is 31%. The wastes are cobs and corn husk that can be utilized to generate energy as much as 3,870 kWh from combustion technique with boiler at 68% efficiency. Therefore, corn flours industry can be energy independent
ISSN : 0216 - 3160JURNAL TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI PERTANIANVol. 19, No. 3, Desember 2009 Penanggung JawabKetua Umum Asosiasi Agroindustri Indonesia danKetua Departemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian, IPB Ketua Dewan EditorMarimin (IPB) Dewan EditorAgus H. Canny (AGRIN)Didik Purwadi (UGM) Dwiwahju Sasongko (ITB)E. Gumbira Sa’id (IPB)Koesnandar (BPPT)Tajuddin Bantacut (IPB) Editor PelaksanaIka Amalia Kartika (Ketua)Andes IsmayanaDwi SetyaningsihTiti Candra Sunarti SekretariatSri MartiniKetih Suketih PenerbitAsosiasi Agroindustri Indonesia (AGRIN) danDepartemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian (TIN)Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian (FATETA)Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) Alamat RedaksiDepartemen Teknologi Industri PertanianFakultas Teknologi PertanianInstitut Pertanian BogorKampus IPB Darmaga PO Box 220, Bogor 16002 Telp./Fax (0251) 8621974, 8625088e-mail : [email protected] Biaya Langganan per tahunPerorangan Rp. 100.000,-Institusi Rp. 150.000,- Permintaan langganan di kirim ke :Redaksi Jurnal Teknologi Industri PertanianDepartemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian, FATETA-IPBKampus IPB Darmaga PO Box 220 Bogor 16002Telp/Fax : 0251-8625088 dan 0251-8621974; E-mail : [email protected] BNI Syariah Bogor Capem Darmaga No.rekening 0174761727 atas nama Ketih Suketih
Full text linkISSN : 0216 - 3160JURNAL TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI PERTANIANVol. 19, No. 3, Desember 2009 Penanggung JawabKetua Umum Asosiasi Agroindustri Indonesia danKetua Departemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian, IPB Ketua Dewan EditorMarimin (IPB) Dewan EditorAgus H. Canny (AGRIN)Didik Purwadi (UGM) Dwiwahju Sasongko (ITB)E. Gumbira Sa’id (IPB)Koesnandar (BPPT)Tajuddin Bantacut (IPB) Editor PelaksanaIka Amalia Kartika (Ketua)Andes IsmayanaDwi SetyaningsihTiti Candra Sunarti SekretariatSri MartiniKetih Suketih PenerbitAsosiasi Agroindustri Indonesia (AGRIN) danDepartemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian (TIN)Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian (FATETA)Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) Alamat RedaksiDepartemen Teknologi Industri PertanianFakultas Teknologi PertanianInstitut Pertanian BogorKampus IPB Darmaga PO Box 220, Bogor 16002 Telp./Fax (0251) 8621974, 8625088e-mail : [email protected] Biaya Langganan per tahunPerorangan Rp. 100.000,-Institusi Rp. 150.000,- Permintaan langganan di kirim ke :Redaksi Jurnal Teknologi Industri PertanianDepartemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian, FATETA-IPBKampus IPB Darmaga PO Box 220 Bogor 16002Telp/Fax : 0251-8625088 dan 0251-8621974; E-mail : [email protected] BNI Syariah Bogor Capem Darmaga No.rekening 0174761727 atas nama Ketih Suketi
REVIEW : POTENSI DAN ARAH PENGEMBANGAN AGROINDUSTRI BERBASIS KAKAO DI PROVINSI PAPUA BARAT
Full text linkWest Papua Province as the coverage area of the National Cocoa Revitalization Movement (GERNAS Pro-Cocoa). This area has the potential to become a center for the cocoa production, and even become the main cocoa producing areas in eastern Indonesia. Cocoa plantation area in West Papua province was recorded as 5.509 ha with 3.104 tons of total production. This article aims to provide an overview of cocoa as a national strategic competitive commodities and conditions of cocoa plantations in West Papua province. At the end of the text presented on the direction of cocoa develop agroindustry through institutional capacity building among farmers, groups of farmers, Farmers Group Association (gapoktan), traders, relevant institutions and universities. This paper also presented the opportunities and challenges of developing downstream cocoa industry in West Papua province. Cocoa agroindustry development in West Papua Province needs of reform to the institutional capacity building cocoa between farmers, groups of farmers, gapoktan, traders, wholesalers, relevant institutions and universities. This cooperation can create a new business strength, increasing market coverage, and quality assurance of products. Income of the cocoa farmer can be increased by developing a simple process cocoa processing using appropriate technology. The farmers can produce cocoa downstream products which have a higher economic valu
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
DEVELOPMENT OF A CLOSED PRODUCTION PROCESS OF TAPIOCA INDUSTRY.
No full textTapioca production consumes large amount of energy to process cassava into tapioca. Most energy used is fossil energy in the form of electricity and diesel oil which availability has declined so that affect the tapioca production process in the very near future. In addition to producing main products, tapioca industry also generates certain amount of by-products such as cassava\'s peel, stockpile and wastewater that potentially be utilized as an energy source. This research aimed to develop a model of a closed system of energy independent production process of tapioca through reusing the by-product as the energy source. Development of a closed system model was based on the mass balance, assessing energy content of by-products, and build a closed system of tapioca production process. This study used secondary data of processing stages and primary data of material balance from a tapioca industry. The results showed that the achievable yield of tapioca was 32%. The tapioca industry with 1,000 ton of cassava per day has the potential energy of 1,407,714,408 kcal per day derived from cassava stockpiles and cassava peels. This potential energy is able to meet the energy requirements of 99,261 kWh per day for the production process. Therefore, the tapioca industry is potentially being an energy independent industry by optimizing the utilization of by-products
ALIRAN TERTUTUP MASSA DAN POTENSI MANDIRI ENERGI PADA PRODUKSI CPO
Full text linkPalm oil mill consumes considerable amounts of energy from fossil fuel. The declining of this energy supply in the future becomes a production constraint of palm oil mill. The purposes of this study were to calculate the rational energy needs of CPO production and to assess the energy content of by-products. Mass balance model was developed to illustrate the process flow and to determine the possibility of by-products utilization to meet the energy needs of the mill. The results of the model calculations based on the mill’s rational performance showed that the palm oil mill with a capacity of 60 tons fresh fruit bunches/hour produces crude palm oil at 26.80% yield. This production also generated biomass by-products of empty bunches, fiber, shells, and liquid waste as much as 14,265; 4,613; 1,959 and 21,057 kg/hour respectively. These by-products contained potential energy as much as 271,988,317 kJ/hour. This energy met the need of 1,020 kWh electrical energy and 30 tons of steam with an excess of electricity energy of 1,022 kWh. The electricity surplus might be sold to public network or directly distributed to community around the mill. Biomass electricity generation replaced the coal used and potentially cut the green house gas emission. It was concluded that palm oil mill can be a surplus energy production system. Therefore, it is recommended that palm oil mills should be regulated and restricted in using fossil energy and electricity from public network.Keywords: closed production process, energy self-sufficient, mass balance model, oil palm biomass, palm oil mil
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