1,720,994 research outputs found
The Estate and Gift Tax Implications of Self-Settled Domestic Asset Protection Trusts: Can You Really Have Your Cake and Eat It Too?
Get PDFSelf-settled asset protection trusts are wealth preservation trusts coupled with the spendthrift provisions. This type of trust permits the settler to have the benefit of treating the trust as a separate entity thereby protecting his assets from creditors while maintaining a pecuniary interest, as well as some level of control over what ultimately happens to the trust property. By providing asset protection from potential creditors while still having the ability to maintain a beneficial interest in the trust, the settler can essentially “have his cake and eat it too.” The typical domestic self-settled asset protection trust may not be treated as an asset of the settler for creditor claims. Whether these assets should be treated as owned by the settler for the purpose of inclusion in the gross estate of the decedent for estate tax purposes is the focus of this Article. The author asserts that it is appropriate to include certain property settled in a domestic asset protection trust (“DAPT”) in the settler gross estate for estate tax purposes because of the control the settler retains over the trust assets up until his death
May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: How the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Fortified the Great Wealth Divide
Get PDFHave Americans become so desensitized to inequality that we have morphed into a state of dystopia, and vast inequalities have become normalized? Discussions of dystopia typically describe acts of oppression, tyranny, inequality, and an overall undesirable societal state. Dystopia analysis also requires a hard look at societal values to determine ways to avoid adverse outcomes that vast inequalities may produce. By identifying the undesirable outcome, there is an opportunity to avoid or reverse it by enacting laws to combat inequalities. The Hunger Games is a fictional tale of wealthy society members enjoying the rewards of high society while using the poor societal members for labor and entertainment. This illustration may also depict American realities. For example, Panem is described as a country consisting of twelve districts and the Capitol. The Capitol is the power center where the wealthiest reside. While decisions regarding the entire society are made by a select few, namely the President, those decisions primarily benefit the wealthy, and they intentionally contribute to a state of inequality and selective oppression. America’s growing inequalities were further facilitated through the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). The TCJA has contributed to disparities, and America’s version of dystopia, by disproportionally benefitting the wealthy. There are vast inequalities across multiple areas of the law; however, this article will focus on specific tax policies by comparing the dystopic society depicted in The Hunger Games to tax policies within the TCJA. This analysis will include a discussion of changes to the standard deduction and personal exemptions alliance, historical justifications for both, and the impact of tax policy on inequalities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Making Tax Policy Great Again: America, You\u27ve Been Trumped
No full textTax policy plays a role in shaping the economy. Scholars have long asserted that tax policy should be used to make positive impacts on economic activity by adjusting and creating policies that benefit most of the population rather than the elite few. Scholars advocate for implementing policies to address wealth and income inequality while effectively facilitating other goals such as revenue raising and combating wealth concentration. Scholars and economists found that a key factor in wealth inequality is the increasing capital income concentration of the top income earners. Economists have further found that income and wealth inequality undermined democracy and the economy. Scholars assert tax policy has been historically used to further the financial goals of the very wealthy and contributes to income and wealth inequality. Proponents of lower tax responsibility contend tax reform is necessary to simplify the tax code, stimulate the economy, and provide economic efficiency. Politicizing tax policy contributes to the polarizing effects as politicians use their platforms to incite or satisfy their constituents. Political affiliations influence beliefs and myths about tax policy, with taxpayers often supporting proposed policies consistent with their political ideologies. In his first presidential campaign, one of Donald Trump’s platforms was “Tax Reform that Will Make America Great Again.” He indicated his tax reform would provide tax cuts for everyone, particularly the middle class. On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), claiming it as “the largest tax cuts in history.” While proponents of the TCJA claimed this legislation provided tax breaks for everyone, the prediction by most tax policy experts was that the provisions would predominantly benefit the wealthy. This Article asserts tax policy should reflect the values of society and benefit taxpayers who need assistance. The tax base should be modeled on historical justifications for determining tax responsibility, meaning, primarily imposed on the wealthiest taxpayers. In short, tax policy should revert to its roots when tax rates structures were both marginally and effectively progressive. By shifting tax responsibility to the wealthiest taxpayers, we can provide tax relief to middle-and low-income taxpayers. This Article will examine how tax law, particularly the TCJA, continues historical trends to bait taxpayers with proposed tax reform described as benefiting middle-and low-income households but that instead disproportionably benefits the wealthy. Additionally, this Article will address tax policies in the TCJA that exacerbate wealth and income inequality by focusing on two aspects of the TCJA: the transfer tax laws and the mortgage interest deduction (MID)
Taxes, the Problem and Solution: A Model for Vanishing Deductions and Exclusions for Residence-Based Tax Preferences
Get PDFVariations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
A Path for Wealth and Cultural Restoration for the Gullah-Geechee Residents of the Low Country (reviewing Brenda D. Gibson, The Heirs\u27 Property: Racial Caste Origins & Systemic Effects in the Black Community)
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