1,720,958 research outputs found
Adapting and Reacting to Measure an Extreme Event: A Methodology to Measure Disaster Community Resilience
No full textAbstractThe 2005 UN Hyogo Declaration introduced the concept of resilience in the field of disaster risk reduction (DRR) unifying environmental sustainability and civil protection concepts. Crucial in this new approach is the development of a new quantitative adaptive strategy, which starting from the risk analysis of a territory, aims at strengthening a symbiotic and adaptive relationship between human communities and their surrounds. This paradigmatic shift needs new analytical and measuring tools in order to describe, evaluate and develop sustainable DRR strategies. Traditional cartographic tools, such as hazard, vulnerability, or risk maps, cannot appropriately represent the overall resilience of a territory (inclusive of its social and environmental dimensions). This article proposes a methodological approach to map such community resilience by assessing energy and resource consumption to maintain the stability of the social-ecological system. Starting from the identification of the complex relations between socioeconomic processes and disasters, this method computes a resilience score or index, integrating hazard and vulnerability factors with emergency management actions (e.g. community planning, mitigation and disaster response capabilities). Such index will enable, inter-alia, the drawing of maps of resilience, necessary to planners and policy makers to assess the effects and sustainability of different DRR strategies and policies
Valutazione della Resilienza territoriale ai disastri: una nuova metodologia multicriterio.Evaluating Territorial Disaster Resilience: a novel multi-criteria methodology
Full text linkLa ricerca parte dai testi Our Common Future e Yokohama Strategy (1994), Hyogo Framework for Action - Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA-2005) e Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR-2015). In particolare affronta le priorità del SFDRR: 1) Comprensione del rischio disastri; 2) Rafforzamento della governance per la gestione del rischio disastri; 3) Investire in resilienza per la riduzione del rischio disastri; 4) Migliorare la preparazione alle catastrofi per una risposta efficace per un "ricostruire meglio" nel recupero, la riabilitazione e la ricostruzione. Il testo risponde alle seguenti domande: Cos’è la resilienza? E’ un prodotto o strumento per le dinamiche di DRR? Si può realizzare un modello di sistema (comunità-territorio-ambiente) resiliente? E’ possibile misurare la resilienza con indici appropriati? Si otterrebbe un’unità di misura per la resilienza territoriale e la comprensione di un contesto emergenziale? Dalle domande è stata sviluppata la seguente ipotesi: “Indicizzare le caratteristiche chiave della resilienza riferita ad un sistema territoriale, ovvero la capacità di ridurre l'impatto di un disastro, preservare l'integrità e adattarsi alle nuove condizioni, contribuisce anche a identificare le ‘soglie emergenziali’ di tale sistema”. L’ipotesi ha portato al confronto tra il concetto di Energia dell’evento e quello di Risorse del Sistema, descrivente le azioni-attività-risorse per fronteggiare un Evento Estremo. Il campo di studio è risultato complesso, con dati qualitativi/quantitativi, che hanno portato alla scelta di un approccio multicriteriale. Si è scelta pertanto una metodologia Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), specificatamente l’Analytics Hierarchy Process (AHP). Il lavoro ha portato all’introduzione dell’Indice di Impatto Reale (IIR), derivato dalla formula del Rischio (Varnes, 1984), composto da un Indice di Criticità Territoriale (ICT) per la stima della magnitudo del problema ed un Indice di Capacità Adattiva (ICA) per la stima delle risorse del territorio. La composizione dei parametri di ICT e ICA permette di quantificare: l’Indice d’Emergenza Territoriale (IET); l’Indice di Disastro Territoriale (IDT) e l’Indice di Catastrofe Territoriale (ICT). Ciascuno di essi misura la distanza del sistema dal livello di soglia d’equilibrio, oltre il quale si verificherebbe un determinato contesto. Formula e processi sono stati testati a livello territoriale comunale in scenari idrogeologici. I vantaggi ottenuti sono stati: 1) il disporre di soglie di riferimento per la comprensione del territorio; 2) la conoscenza dei punti di rottura dei sistemi: 3) l’utilizzo di indici pesati per comprendere dove investire ed ottenere risultati efficaci; 4) la realizzazione di liste di priorità d’azione.This research started by the texts Our Common Future and Yokohama Strategy (1994), Hyogo Framework for Action - Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA-2005) e Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR-2015).
In particular faces the SFDRR priorities: 1) Understanding disaster risk; 2) Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk: 3) Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience; 4) Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. This text answers to following questions: What is it the resilience? Is it a product or a tool of DRR? Is it possible to realize a resilient model of a system (community-territorial-environment)? Is it possible to measure the resilience with specific indexes? Could be possible to obtain a Unit of Measure for territorial resilience, to understanding of an emergency context? Starting from the questions it was developed a main hypothesis: “Indexing the keys characteristics of a territorial system: the capacity to reduce a disaster impact, to preserve the integrity, and to adapt to new conditions, helps to identify the emergency threshold of the system”
The hypothesis as led to compared the concept of Energy of Event and Resources of a System (actions, activities, resources) to contrast an extreme event. The field of study was result complex, with qualitative/quantitative data. Thus, it was chosen a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach, specially an Analytics Hierarchy Process (AHP). Thanks to AHP method it was introduced, in this work, the Disaster Resilience Threshold Index (DRTi), an evolution of the risk formula (Varnes, 1984). The DRTi is composed by the Territorial Critics Index (TCi) to measure the "dimension" of an Event, and Territorial Coping Capacity Index (TCCi) to measure the resources of a system. Some different composition of TCi and TCCi permit to quantify: the Territorial Emergency Index (TEi), the Territorial Disaster Index (TDi) and the Territorial Index of Catastrophe (TIC). Every of these measure the distance of the system from the equilibrium threshold, beyond which we will have a specific scenario. In this study, the formula and processes were tested a local level in a hydro-geological scenario. As results, we obtained: 1) thresholds to understand the territory; 2)knowledge about the breaks points of the system; 3) weighted indexes to understand where is better to invest resources; 4) a methodology to realize a list of priority actions
Mappare la resilienza agli eventi estremi e ai disastri.
Full text linkGli ultimi 30 anni sono stati caratterizzati da un trend esponenziale nel numero ed impatto dei disastri ad innesco naturale. La crescente esposizione a tali eventi unitamente all’emergenza climatica ha prodotto una evoluzione nell’approccio alle attività di protezione civile; le azioni basate sul controllo della natura e risposta all’emergenza stanno progressivamente lasciando il passo alla riduzione del rischio disastri attraverso la promozione di una “cultura della prevenzione”. Nel 2000 l’ONU fondò un ufficio, l’International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), per sviluppare politiche di riduzione dei disastri e mitigazione delle loro conseguenze, unendo aspetti della sostenibilità ambientale con tematiche della protezione civile. Nel 2005 il programma “Hyogo Framework for Action”(HFA) introdusse l’antico concetto di Resilienza in ambito protezione civile, unendo gli approcci tecnico-ingegneristici con quelli socio-ecologici, ovvero racchiudendo in un nuovo concetto i tre ambiti di: Disaster Management, Disaster Mitigation e Disaster Preparedness. L’attenzione inizierà a spostarsi dalla risposta all’emergenza, all’adattamento ai cicli naturali e mitigazione degli eventi estremi, ovvero pianificare e contenere gli impatti sul sistema sociale-economico-culturale. Un sistema è resiliente quando riesce ad assorbire un evento estremo mantenendosi in una dimensione (spazio-temporale) di crisi, piuttosto che di emergenza o di catastrofe. In termini di strumenti cartografici utilizzati, la suddetta evoluzione, sta evidenziando il limite dalle attuali mappe di pericolosità (approccio scientifico) e vulnerabilità (approccio tecnico), sintetizzate fra l’altro in mappe di rischio (approccio tecnico-scientifico). Per la pianificazione di sistemi resilienti, bisogna infatti arrivare alla realizzazione di mappe di resilienza, che, partendo dalle mappe di rischio, possano includere dati territoriali (approccio geografico-sociale). L’esplorazione di metodi e strategie per lo sviluppo di tali mappe è parte di un progetto di dottorato di ricerca presso il “Disaster Lab” del Dip. Scienze Vita e Ambiente dell’Università Politecnica delle Marche. La definizione di mappe di resilienza faciliterà l’incremento di politiche di salvaguardia, recupero e sviluppo in ottica di resilienza territoriale, sostenendo politiche economico/assicurative in grado di valorizzare le aree resilienti, recuperare le aree fragili e contrastare la realizzazione di beni in aree vulnerabili. Da un punto di vista più operativo tali mappe permetteranno anche lo sviluppo di piani d’emergenza resilienti e pianificazione urbana e territoriali sostenibile
Resilience: the Future of Civil Protection
Full text linkThe term Resilience was adopted by Civil Protection in 2009, thanks to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR), which defined Resilience as “the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb,accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.” (ISDR, 2009)." The contribution investigates the roots of the Term Resilience and its conceptual evolution, highlighting how this evolution would contribute to the innovation, also in Italy, of the System of Civil Protection.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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