1,720,954 research outputs found
Il contributo del Greening alla riduzione delle emissioni di CO2
Full text linkUno degli obiettivi principali delle misure di greening della nuova Pac è quello di rafforzare la produzione di esternalità positive, o limitare quelle negative, da parte dell’agricoltura europea. Il contributo dell’agricoltura nella mitigazione dei cambiamenti climatici dovuti alle emissioni di Ghg è al centro dei documenti preparatori e conclusivi della riforma. Nonostante le giustificazioni ambientali costituenti l’impianto delle azioni orizzontali della nuova Pac, le pressioni esercitate dalle Istituzioni europee e dai gruppi di interesse agricolo hanno svilito notevolmente gli strumenti inizialmente proposti dalla Commissione, facendo del greening un vincolo facilmente sormontabile da parte di quelle aziende agricole maggiormente emissive, come quelle zootecniche.
Il giudizio sostanzialmente negativo sull’efficacia degli strumenti di greening viene confermato dai risultati ottenuti, per la macroregione agricola più importante del Nord Italia, dal modello di simulazione presentato in questo lavoro. I risultati del modello forniscono, infatti, nel quadro delle ipotesi adottate, interessanti indicazioni su quanto le misure di greening potranno effettivamente incidere sul miglioramento dell’impatto sull’ambiente dell’agricoltura, in termini di riduzione di emissioni di gas-serra.
Il principale effetto del greening sull’uso del suolo è la netta riduzione di mais, e altre colture cerealicole in alcune aree, e la contestuale maggiore diffusione di azotofissatrici, prime fra tutte erba medica e soia. Il comparto zootecnico da latte viene invece interessato solo marginalmente dalle nuove misure di inverdimento del primo pilastro, a conferma delle limitate ricadute del greening su uno dei settori più impattanti in termini di emissioni di Ghg.
Nonostante l’effetto positivo del mantenimento dei prati e pascoli permanenti sullo stoccaggio di carbonio (Di Bene et al., 2014) e la potenziale riduzione di input (fertilizzanti) legata alla sostituzione di coltivazioni annuali (mais, grano) con colture miglioratrici (azoto-fissatrici), i cambiamenti sull’uso del suolo si traducono in un effetto contenuto sulle emissioni complessive di gas-serra, che si riducono di poco più dell’1%. A tale risultato contribuisce soprattutto la Lombardia che, data la forte specializzazione nella maidicoltura e nella zootecnia da latte, è la regione che pesa per oltre il 40% sulle emissioni totali della macroregione analizzata. In un quadro di strategia integrata di mitigazione del cambiamento climatico, tali riduzioni potrebbero concorrere al raggiungimento degli obiettivi previsti per l’abbattimento dei Ghg a livello nazionale corrispondente ad una riduzione del 13% entro il 2020 rispetto ai livelli misurati nel 2005.
Nel complesso si tratta però di un risultato modesto per una misura come quella del greening, introdotta per fornire un contributo significativo alla riduzione dei livello di CO2. Malgrado lo studio si concentri sulla riduzione dei gas-serra, non valutando le ricadute dirette sulla biodiversità, sul paesaggio agrario e sulla fertilità dei suoli, i cambiamenti limitati nell’uso del suolo previsti dal modello lasciano prospettare impatti ambientali altrettanto modesti anche in questi ambiti.
Il processo di “alleggerimento” che ha interessato il greening durante l’intera fase di negoziazione si è inevitabilmente tradotto in una mancata occasione di introdurre, attraverso la Pac, un cambiamento positivo dei comportamenti in agricoltura, in sintonia con le aspettative e i bisogni della collettività che vede nell’agricoltura un fornitore di beni pubblici
How effective is greening policy in reducing GHG emissions from agriculture? Evidence from Italy
Full text linkAgriculture contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for more than 10% of total CO2 emissions in the EU-28 area. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) plays an important role in promoting environmentally and climate friendly practices and needs to respond to the new environmental challenges by better integrating its objectives with other EU policies.
In this respect, the recent CAP reform 2014–2020 made a further step, making a large part of direct payments conditional on new agricultural practices beneficial for the climate and the environment, i.e. “greening”.
In this study we estimate the potential environmental benefits from greening in terms of GHG emissions in four regions of Northern Italy, one of the major European agricultural areas in terms of emissions. The emissions were quantified and broken down into the three main GHGs (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) per production process. This information was subsequently used in a Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) farm-based model on more than 3,000 farms, to estimate the effects of greening on regional land use and its contribution in reducing the total emissions.
The new agri-environmental constraints produce a modest abatement of total emissions of greenhouse gases (− 1.5%) in the analyzed area. The model estimates a reduction in CO2 emissions of about 2%. Emissions from nitrous oxide show a decrease of 2.1% and the reduction in the methane is about 0.4% compared to the observed scenario. The process of “lightening” that affected the greening during the CAP negotiation has inevitably resulted in missing an opportunity to introduce a significant positive change of behaviour into agriculture, in line with the expectations and needs of society for EU agriculture as a provider of public goods
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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