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A Study of the Infesation of the Grand Stinkbug on Tung Tree in Chu-Shan, Nan-Tao, Tqiwan (I)
No full text(8(1):35-39)THE FIELD TESTS FOR SEVERAL LOCAL FORMULATED ORGANO-PHOSPHORIC INSECTICIDES ON CONTROLLING THE PADDY BORER
No full text歸納以上試驗結果證實，本省加工品Parathion乳劑，對三化螟虫之治虫能力並不比德國拜耳藥廠製品之Folidol乳劑為差。又PM乳劑省內加工品亦不遜於日本庵原農藥株式會社製品。此外省內加工品之Parathion乳劑，其治蟲效果並不因加工廠（中農及五豐）之不同而有差別。省內加工品之有機磷類殺蟲藥劑，即不次於舶來品，故農友可以安心購用，勿再抱自卑心理而懷疑省內加工農藥之治蟲效果。自1958年開始，臺灣省農業試驗所設立「農用藥劑藥效生物測定研究室」以負責檢定農藥之性能，此後各農友及病蟲害從業人員，對於各種農用藥劑（包括省產藥劑及舶來品藥劑）有任何疑問時，可函農業試驗所洽詢。
The organo phosphoric insecticides as Parathion, PM and Diazinon emulsion con centrations are found most effective to the paddy borer. (Schoenobius incertellus Walker) During the past three years, the emulsions were formulated the province in order to moderate foreign exchanges and furnish assistance to the development of the local industry. Examinations or the local formulated emulsions have to be made to prove whether they are as well effective as those of imports, therefore the experimental works took place at Ta-un, Hsi-ko, and Hsien-kang districts in Chia-yi Hsien from September to December 1957. The resul s were summarized as follows:
1. From the percentage of white head and the yield of rice, there was significant difference between the treated and untreated blocks. It indicated that the applied chemical was very effective for controlling the paddy borer.
2. According to the yields, under the same applied condition, the effectiveness of Parathion and PM emulsions of the local formulation was not less than the Folidol emulsion (Bayer product) and the PM emulsion from Japan
(13(4):57-69)INSECTICIDES POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES AT CHITU, TAIPEI, TAIWAN
No full textI 五豐化工廠內所設A、B兩化水池中並無高鹼度物質存在，又該二池中之水有緩慢滲入且其農藥成分並有積聚於土中之情形。土坑接受雨水過多，造成廢水流失之機會。此等問題均應予以注意並改進。
II 五豐化工廠附近基隆河之河水中，確有被農藥所污染之情形，該染污河水之農藥以parathion居多，（在282個河水樣本中，有148個被parathion所污染），endrin較少，僅有6次。
在各取樣地點之河水被parathion所污染之程度依次排列為：在工廠下游所中抽取樣本其携有parathion成分之河水佔抽出樣本之68.9%；水廠入水口處佔66.7%；工廠上游佔50%；六堵基隆河與北基公路匯合處較少但亦達22.6%。
民國51年8月間，五豐化工廠為防止廠內農藥外流，曾作多種措施及改進：(l）排水溝加蓋，以防止雨水沖入化水池內。（2）機器漏藥部分修理。故在8月下旬以後，河水被農藥所污染之次數雖因降雨量之激增而未見減少，但河水被農藥所污染之程度則大為減低。雖然如此但仍不能保證該地區河水之絕對安全。該廠乃於53年12月間，興建一立體式完全與外界隔離之化水池。此化水池包括自然蒸發，化毒及貯水三個部分，此池建妥後對該廠廢水之處理，當有進一步之改進。惟目前本省農藥之使用量甚多，因而河水被農藥所污染之機會亦很多，故若事實上不困難，在水廠內設一永久性之遺毒檢驗室，對各該地區河水中之農藥遺量予以不斷之監視為所必須。
During the past fifteen years, organic pesticides have been produced, formulated and widely used here in Taiwan, so that water pollution by pesticides in water resources has become a problem and drawn the attention of the public.
A new industrial area at Liutu (六堵) near Taipei city was established and a water works had been set up at Chitu (七堵) for municipal purposes and to serve this area. The water in keelung river is the raw water source for the water works. Within this new industrial area a pesticides factory, Wofoun Chemical Corporation, is located approximately one mile upstream from the water works, raising the question of water contamination and suitable control measures.
Several investigations were made between April and December of 1962. Samples were taken and tested at various points, various depths within a three to seven days period. For the purposes of the study on insecticide wastes originating from the Wofoun factory and the amount of insecticide concentrations at the intake of the water works, sites and the depths of the sampes taken were changed from September 11, 1962 on as shown in the table.
Parathion, diazinon and endrin were the insecticides to be detected in this in-vestigation, because these were the products formulated during that period of time by the Wofoun factory.
Paper chromatography and bioassay were employed for the qualitative and quantitative detections respectively. Method and test animals used in bioassay were varied in accordance with the sensitivity of the various organisms to these com-pounds. For example, aqueous suspension exposure method with Guppy (Lebistes reticulatus) was used for encirin; first instar mosquito larvae (Culex fatigans) for parathion; and the extraction dryfilm method with three day old house flies (Musca domestica) for diazinon. In the paper chromatography method, in cases when two or more spots appeared, further tests were conducted. Methods for further detec-tion were the Averell-Norris colorimetric method for parathion; the Togo-Powsky method for diazinon and the Phenyl Azide method for endrin.
The dissolved oxygen content and pH values of samples were checked. In addition, the insecticide residues in soil were also examined and follow the same steps as mentioned above.
The results are showed below:
The dissolved oxygen content and pH in the sewage pool were all pretty low, Which indicated that the wastes usually stored in the pool for quite a period of time, and without mixing, but that there are no active alkaline detoxifying substances remaining in the pool. On the other hand, since there is neither Cover over the pool nor on the connecting channel the excess of products eliminated in manufacturing were easily spilt or overfldwed from the pool during the rainy season and this is partly the cause of water pollution by insecticides at the Chitu water works.
The water oozing from leaks in the side wall of Wofoun factory on rainy days also contained a certain amount of insecticides. From the results of insecticide residue analyses, parathion and endrin were found in the soil either around the sewage pool or under the leaks outside the Wofoun factory (see table 3). Those residues may be due to accumulations from the water sewage.
The water in Keelung River was also polluted by insecticides from the Wofoun factory sometimes, depending upon the kind of products manufactured and the rainfall at the time. Among the samples of pollution, 148 out of 282 samples from Keelong River showed the presence of parathion. Only 6 out of 282 samples yielded endrin and 12 out of 122 samples contained diazinon.
In the Keelung River below the factory, the concentration of pollution varied directly with the distance from the factory. At the intake of the water works 66.7% of the samples and even at Liutu (many miles away from the factory) 22.6% of the samples contained insecticide. Due to peculiar currents and backflow about 50% of the samples taken just upstream of the factory were also contaminated by insecticides.
Suggestions were made to the Wofoun Chemical Corporation and the necessary steps have been taken to avoid contamination in the future
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Necessity for Removal p-Nitrophenol of Parathion Residue Analysis with Averell-Norris Method
No full textIn some cases, the method of parathion residue analysis developed by Averell and Norris usually detects more residue than is realy present. This is due to the existance of the color which results from the coupling of N-(l-naphthyl)-eth-ylenediamine dihydrochioride with the reduced and diazotizated No2 radical on the p-nitrophenol of parathion. But this radical is still attached to p-nitrophenol and remains in the extract, when the residue is hydrolized and decomposed in alkaline or in natural conditions. Therefore the p-nitrophenol from the extract must be removed before the development of the color.
In this experiment, the material used for removal of p-nitrophenol from parathion residue was 5% sodium bicarbonate solution. When the cleanup was completed, p-nitrophenol would have been extracted twice using sodium bicarbonate solution in a separate funnel in the volume 1/3 of the volume of the extract.
Following this, came a washing using saturated sodiom chloride on volume equal to 34 the volume of extract. All the lower water portions were discarded. Then followed the procedure of analysis. The water remaining must be removed in advance with anhydrous sodium sulfate.
From the results of the experiment, when p-nitrophenol is removed, the residus of parathion estimated by Averell-Norris method will be lower and much closer to the results obtained from bioassay than the results obtained by the method when p-nitrophenol is not removed
(13(3):65-68)FIELD TESTS ON INSECTICIDAL CONTROL OF MAJOR VEGETABLE INSECT PESTS
No full text蔬菜多為短期而直接銷售之農作物。農民為提高其所植蔬菜之品級，就必須施用藥劑，以保護其產品使絕對不受害蟲之為害。惟蔬菜害蟲之種類複雜，且多不易防除；加以菜價波動，菜農之收益不能獲得保障，故菜農必須在各方面設法減低其耕作成本。因此有些菜農在蔬菜上乃使用價廉、效強，但有損於人體健康之高毒性農藥。除此之外，由於蔬菜上已連續多年施佈農藥，乃至增加昆蟲之抵抗力，故既或使用高毒性農藥亦必須提高其使用濃度及用量，否則亦難奏效，故農藥遺毒問題乃漸趨嚴重，而構成目前之一重大社會問題。
A project of vegetable insect pests control with comparatively safe insecticides had been conducted from 1962 to 1963. The chemicals used in the studies ware selected from a number of the newly developed insecticides, which had already been screened by the Pesticide Laboratory of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute; they were 50% DDVP (Nogos 50 E, Ciba Ltd.), 85% sevin WP (Union Carbide Chem. Co.), 50% sumithion E C [O,O-dimethy1-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate, Sumitomo Chem. Co.], 35% thiodan E C (6, 7,8, 9, 10, 10-hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 4, 3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide, Farbwerke Hoechst Ag.) and 23% zectran (4-dimethylamino-3, 5-xylyl methylcarbamate, Dow Chem. Co.)
Leeks, asparagus beans and Chinese cabbages were the crops tested. The insect pests on these crops were showed in Table I. The treatments on the testing crops
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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