1,721,158 research outputs found
License to Speed: the Role of Technology Licensing in Accelerating the Invention process
No full textLicensing Fosters Rapid Innovation! The Effect of the Grant-Back clause and Technological Unfamiliarity
No full textDrawing on contractual economics and innovation management, licensing-in is hypothesized to accelerate licensees’ invention process. Studying a matched dataset of licensees and nonlicensees, licensees are shown to be faster at inventing, but the effect is negated if the license includes a grant-back clause, shifting incentives from licensee to licensor. Also, the effect is significantly reduced if the licensee is unfamiliar with the licensed technology. The effect of the grant-back clause is offset if the licensee is unfamiliar with the licensed technology, suggesting that the licensee retains the incentives to invent under these circumstances
“Exploring the Boomerang Effect: The Role of Core Technologies and Uncertainty in Explaining the Use of the Grant-Back Clause in Technology Licensing”
No full textLicensing is one of the most commonly observed inter-firm contractual agreements. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm and contract economics, we argue that the inclusion of a grant-back clause in licensing agreements emerges as a consequence of licensor and licensee firms’ requirements to balance the needs to protect their technological resources and to learn through internal and external processes. We argue that licensing agreements are increasingly likely to contain a grant-back clause; (i) the closer to the core the licensed technology is to the licensor’s patent portfolio; and (ii) the more uncertain is the licensed technology. In contrast, we conjecture a decreasing likelihood of a grant-back clause, the closer to the core the licensed technology is to the licensee’s patent portfolio. Technological uncertainty is conjectured to positively moderate the results both when the licensed technology is core to the licensee and to the licensor. We test the proposed hypotheses using a sample of 404 licensed technologies over the period 1984-2004. We employ a hierarchical nested decision model to account for the inclusion of the grant-back clause in a licensing contract being nested in the decision regarding which technologies to out-license. We find broad support for our theoretical arguments
"Explaining the Use of the Grant-Back Clause in Technology Licensing"
No full textLicensing is one of the most commonly observed inter-firm contractual agreements. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm and contract economics, we argue that the inclusion of a grant-back clause in licensing agreements emerges as a consequence of the licensor and licensee firms’ requirements to balance the need to protect their technological resources with the need to learn through internal and external processes. We argue that licensing agreements are increasingly likely to contain a grant-back clause (i) the closer the licensed technology is to the core of the licensor’s patent portfolio, and (ii) the higher the uncertainty of the licensed technology. In contrast, we conjecture decreasing likelihood of a grant-back clause, the closer the licensed technology is to the core of the licensee’s patent portfolio. Technological uncertainty is conjectured to positively moderate the results both when the licensed technology is part of the core technology of the licensee and the licensor. We test our hypotheses using a sample of 404 licensed technologies over the period 1984-2004. We employ a hierarchical nested decision model to account for the inclusion of a grant-back clause in a licensing contract nested in the decision about which technologies to license out. We find broad support for our theoretical arguments
"Exploring the Boomerang Effect: The Role of Core Technologies and Uncertainty in Explaining the Use of the Grant-Back Clause in Technology Licensing"
No full textLicensing is one of the most commonly observed inter-firm contractual agreements. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm and contract economics, we argue that the inclusion of a grant-back clause in licensing agreements emerges as a consequence of licensor and licensee firms’ requirements to balance the needs to protect their technological resources and to learn through internal and external processes. We argue that licensing agreements are increasingly likely to contain a grant-back clause; (i) the closer to the core the licensed technology is to the licensor’s patent portfolio; and (ii) the more uncertain is the licensed technology. In contrast, we conjecture a decreasing likelihood of a grant-back clause, the closer to the core the licensed technology is to the licensee’s patent portfolio. Technological uncertainty is conjectured to positively moderate the results both when the licensed technology is core to the licensee and to the licensor. We test the proposed hypotheses using a sample of 404 licensed technologies over the period 1984-2004. We employ a hierarchical nested decision model to account for the inclusion of the grant-back clause in a licensing contract being nested in the decision regarding which technologies to out-license. We find broad support for our theoretical arguments
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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