163 research outputs found
Optic Chiasm Morphometric Changes in Multiple Sclerosis: Feasibility of a Simplified Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measure of White Matter Atrophy
No full textSophisticated volume measurements of brain structures on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may improve specificity in determining long-term progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), but these techniques are laborious. The optic chiasm (OC) is a white matter (WM) structure clearly visible on a routine MRI and is related to the optic nerves (ONs), which are known to atrophy in MS. We hypothesized that OC morphometric measurements would show OC atrophy in MS compared to normal patients. If so, this could help establish a novel simplified brain MRI measure of WM atrophy in MS patients. We retrospectively evaluated standard brain MRIs of 97 patients with known MS and 98 normal individuals. We electronically measured eight OC morphometrics on axial T2WIs and midsagittal T1WIs: OC width and anteroposterior (AP) diameter, diameters of each ON and optic tract (OT), and angles between the ONs or OTs. Mean OC width, AP diameter, and height in MS patients were 11.83 ± 1.25 mm (95% CI 11.58–12.09), 2.99 ± 0.65 mm (95% CI 2.85–3.12), and 2.09 ± 0.37 mm (95% CI 2–2.19), respectively. In normal individuals, they were 12.1 ± 1.4 mm (95% CI 11.78–12.34), 3.43 ± 0.63 mm (95% CI 3.3–3.58), and 2.15 ± 0.37 mm (95% CI 2.07–2.23), respectively. There were statistically significant differences between MS patients and controls for AP diameter (P = 0.000), but not for width (P = 0.204) or height (P = 0.183). The ONs were significantly smaller in MS (P < 0.0017), but not the OTs. Thus, the OC is significantly atrophied in an unstratified cohort of MS patients. Future studies may establish an MRI OC morphometric index to evaluate demyelinating disease in the brain. Clin. Anat. 32:1072–1081, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
A critical appraisal of Monro's erroneous description of the cerebral interventricular foramina: Age-related magnetic resonance imaging spatial morphometry and a proposed new terminology.
No full textAnatomic connections between the cerebral lateral and third ventricles have been mischaracterized since Monro's original erroneous description of his eponymous foramina (FoMs) as being only one T-shaped passage. Accurate knowledge of the in vivo three-dimensional (3D) configuration of FoM has important clinical neuroendoscopic, neurosurgical, and neuroimaging implications. We retrospectively analyzed volumetric high-resolution brain magnetic resonance imaging of 100 normal individuals to characterize the normal spatial anatomy and morphometry for each FoM. We measured the true anatomical 3D angulations of FoMs relative to standard neuroimaging orthogonal planes, and their minimum width, depth, and distance between the medial borders of bilateral FoMs. The right and left FoMs were separate, distinct, and in a V-shaped configuration. Each FoM was a round, oval, or crescent-shaped canal-like passage with well-defined borders formed by the semicircular concavity of the ipsilateral forniceal column. The plane of FoM was angled on average 56.8° ± 9.1° superiorly from the axial plane, 22.5° ± 10.7° laterally, and 37.0° ± 6.9° anteriorly from the midsagittal plane; all these angles changing significantly with increasing age. The mean narrowest diameter of FoM was 2.8 ± 1.2 mm, and its depth was 2.5 ± 0.2 mm. Thus, the true size and orientation of FoM differs from that depicted on standard neuroimaging. Notably, in young subjects, FoM has a diameter smaller than its depth, a configuration akin to a short, small canal. We propose that the eponym "Monro" no longer be associated with this structure, and the term "foramen" be abandoned. Instead, FoM should be more appropriately renamed as the "interventricular canaliculus," or IVC, for short
Ossification of the pterygoalar and pterygospinous ligaments: A computed tomography analysis of infratemporal fossa anatomical variants relevant to percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy
No full textObjective: Ossification of pterygoalar and pterygospinous ligaments traversing the superior aspect of the infratemporal fossa results in formation of osseous bars that can obstruct percutaneous needle access to the trigeminal ganglion through the foramen ovale (FO), interfere with lateral mandibular nerve block, and impede transzygomatic surgical approaches. Presence of these ligaments has been studied on dry skulls, but description of their radiological anatomy is scarce, in particular on cross-sectional imaging. The aim of this study was to describe visualization of pterygoalar and pterygospinous bars on computed tomography (CT) and to review their prevalence and clinical significance. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed 200 helical sinonasal CT scans by analyzing 0.75- to 1.0-mm axial images, maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstructions, and volume rendered (VR) images, including views along the anticipated axis of the needle in percutaneous Hartel and submandibular approaches to the FO. Results: Ossified pterygoalar and pterygospinous ligaments were readily identifiable on CT scans. An ossified pterygoalar ligament was demonstrated in 10 patients, including 1 individual with bilateral complete ossification (0.5%), 4 patients with unilateral complete ossification (2.0%), and 5 with incomplete unilateral ossification (2.5%). Nearly all patients with pterygoalar bars were male (90%, p < 0.01). An ossified pterygospinous ligament was seen in 35 patients, including 2 individuals with bilateral complete (1.0%), 8 with unilateral complete (4%), 8 with bilateral incomplete (4.0%), 12 with bilateral incomplete (6.0%) ossification, and 5 (2.5%) with mixed ossification (complete on one side and incomplete on the contralateral side). All pterygoalar bars interfered with a hypothetical needle access to the FO using the Hartel approach but not the submandibular approach. In contrast, 54% of complete and 24% of incomplete pterygospinous bars impeded the submandibular approach to the FO, without affecting the Hartel approach. Conclusions: This study provides the first detailed description of cross-sectional radiological and applied surgical anatomy of pterygoalar and pterygospinous bars. Our data are clinically useful during skull base imaging to predict potential obstacles to percutaneous cannulation of the FO and assist in the choice of approach, as these two variants differentially impede the Hartel and submandibular access routes. Our results can also be useful in planning surgical approaches to the skull base through the infratemporal fossa
Data for: Checklist for the use of potassium concentrations in siliciclastic sediments as paleoenvironmental archives
No full textDataset used to construct graphics in "Checklist for the use of potassium concentrations in siliciclastic sediments as paleoenvironmental archives" by T. Matys Grygar, K. Mach, M. Martinez in Sedimentary Geolog
In and around the pineal gland: a neuroimaging review
No full textLesions arising in or around the pineal gland comprise a heterogeneous group of pathologies ranging from benign non-neoplastic cysts to highly malignant neoplasms. Pineal cysts are frequently encountered as an incidental finding in daily radiology practice but there is no universal agreement on the criteria for, frequency of, and duration of follow-up imaging. Solid pineal neoplasms pose a diagnostic challenge owing to considerable overlap in their imaging characteristics, although a combination of radiological appearances, clinical findings, and tumour markers allows for narrowing of the differential diagnosis. In this review, we describe the radiological anatomy of the pineal region, clinical symptoms, imaging appearances, and differential diagnosis of lesions arising in this area, and highlight the clinical management of these conditions
Data for: Checklist for the use of potassium concentrations in siliciclastic sediments as paleoenvironmental archives
No full textDataset used to construct graphics in "Checklist for the use of potassium concentrations in siliciclastic sediments as paleoenvironmental archives" by T. Matys Grygar, K. Mach, M. Martinez in Sedimentary GeologyTHIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV
Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: A novel approach for probing cerebral metabolism in health and neurological disease
No full textCerebral metabolism is tightly regulated and fundamental for healthy neurological function. There is increasing evidence that alterations in this metabolism may be a precursor and early biomarker of later stage disease processes. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a powerful tool to non-invasively assess tissue metabolites and has many applications for studying the normal and diseased brain. However, the technique has limitations including low spatial and temporal resolution, difficulties in discriminating overlapping peaks, and challenges in assessing metabolic flux rather than steady-state concentrations. Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging is an emerging clinical technique that may overcome some of these spatial and temporal limitations, providing novel insights into neurometabolism in both health and in pathological processes such as glioma, stroke and multiple sclerosis. This review will explore the growing body of pre-clinical data that demonstrates a potential role for the technique in assessing metabolism in the central nervous system. There are now a number of clinical studies being undertaken in this area and this review will present the emerging clinical data as well as the potential future applications of hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging in the brain, in both clinical and pre-clinical studies
Act on the Agricultural System – general remarks
No full textThe new act on agricultural system was passed on 5 August 2015. It will enter into force on 1 January 2016, thereby repealing the Act on Agricultural System that has been in force since 16 July 2003 and has been repeatedly criticised. Providing the rationality of the legislator’s action, judging by the real and not merely declared need and willingness of factual improvement of not merely the conditions of living in the countryside, but also, most of all, the improvement of still little productively and economically efficient regional structure of premises, it could be expected that there will be new solutions which will effectively implement the aims pointed in article 1 of the act. Unfortunately, the Act of 2015 is mostly based on actions prescribed in the previous regulation in terms of the control of real estate transactions, not introducing any new solutions. The main function is sealing the real estate and counteracting the purchase of agricultural real estates by European Union citizens. The new act on agricultural system should regulate the entirety of agricultural system and be the specific constitution of agricultural activity. Subordinating the act to one aim makes the postulate of entire regulation of the agricultural activity still present. The remarks applied for the previous act of 2003 can be also related to the new regulation, because the basic issues concerning the internal organisation of a premise, the status of particular members and the protection of the premise workers rights were not raised in the act and the improvement of agricultural structure and the reinforcement of the Polish agriculture or introducing solutions which couldprovide Polish farmers honourable existence are raised merely on the margins of main provision of the law. There is no doubt that despite passing the new law on agricultural system there is still lack of modern and comprehensive regulations involving agricultural issues.Uniwersytet w BiałymstokuP. Blajer, Ewolucja szczególnej regulacji obrotu gruntami rolnymi w ustawodawstwie hiszpańskim, „Studia Iuridica Agraria” 2009, t. VII.T. Ciodyk, T. Zagórski, P. Iwaszkiewicz, Ustawa o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego w praktyce, „Studia Iuridica Agraria” 2005, t. IV.E. Gniewek, Obowiązki notariusza w świetle współczesnych ograniczeń obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi, (w:) E. Gniewek (red.), Zawieranie i wykonywanie umów. Wybrane zagadnienia, Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 2004, nr 26167.B. Jeżyńska, R. Pastuszko, Opinia do projektu ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego oraz o zmianie niektórych innych ustaw (druk sejmowy nr 3109) z dnia 2 marca 2015 r., http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/rexdomk7.nsf/Opdodr?OpenPage&nr=3109, data dostępu: 8.09.2015 r.T. Kurowska, Gospodarstwo rodzinne w świetle art. 23 Konstytucji RP, [w:] K. Skotnicki, K. Winiarski (red.), Własność i jej ograniczenia w prawie polskim, Częstochowa 2004.T. Kurowska, Ochrona gospodarstwa rodzinnego – uwagi de lege lata i de lege ferenda, „Studia Iuridica Agraria” 2010, t. VII.T. Kurowska, Pozycja gospodarstwa rodzinnego a proces kształtowania rolniczej przestrzeni produkcyjnej, [w:] P. Litwiniuk (red.), Prawne mechanizmy wspierania i ochrony rolnictwa rodzinnego w Polsce i innych państwach Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2015.B. Lackoroński, Opinia prawna dotycząca poselskiego projektu ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego (druk nr 3109) z dn. 23 czerwca 2015 r., http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/rexdomk7.nsf/Opdodr?Open-Page&nr=3109 (data dostępu: 8.09.2015 r.).A. Lichorowicz, Instrumenty oddziaływania na strukturę gruntową Polski w ustawie z dnia 11 kwietnia 2003 r. o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego, KPP 2004, z. 2.A. Lichorowicz, Konstytucyjne podstawy ustroju rolnego RP (w świetle art. 23 Konstytucji), „Studia Iuridica Agraria” 2000, t. I.A. Lichorowicz, Podstawowe rozwiązania regulujące status prawny gospodarstw rodzinnych w krajach Europy Zachodniej, [w:] P. Litwiniuk (red.), Prawne mechanizmy wspierania i ochrony rolnictwa rodzinnego w Polsce i innych państwach Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2015.A. Lichorowicz, Prawne pojęcie gospodarstwa rodzinnego w ustawodawstwie unijnym, krajów Europy Zachodniej oraz polskim ustawodawstwie rolnym, [w:] M. Podstawko (red.), Ekonomiczne i prawne mechanizmy wspierania i ochrony rolnictwa rodzinnego, Warszawa 2015.A. Lichorowicz, Prawna regulacja obrotu gruntami rolnymi – ocena stanu aktualnego, postulaty de lege ferenda, „Przegląd Legislacyjny” 2009, nr 1-2.A. Lichorowicz, Regulacja obrotu gruntami rolnymi według ustawy z 11 kwietnia 2003 r. o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego na tle ustawodawstwa agrarnego Europy Zachodniej, „Studia Iuridica Agraria” 2005, t. IV.A. Lichorowicz, Status prawny gospodarstw rodzinnych w ustawodawstwie krajów Europy Zachodniej, Białystok 2000.A. Lichorowicz, Podstawowe rozwiązania regulujące status prawny gospodarstw rodzinnych w krajach Europy Zachodniej, [w:] P. Litwiniuk (red.), Prawne mechanizmy wspierania i ochrony rolnictwa rodzinnego w Polsce i innych państwach Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2015.D. Łobos – Kotowska, Ochrona gospodarstwa rodzinnego w procesie zbywania nieruchomości rolnych przez Agencję Nieruchomości, [w:] K. Skotnicki, K. Winiarski (red.), Własność i jej ograniczenia w prawie polskim, Częstochowa 2004.M. Mataczyński, W kwestii zgodności ustawy z dnia 11 kwietnia 2003 r. o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego z prawem europejskim w świetle orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości, „Rejent” 2004, nr 9.M. Mataczyński, W kwestii zgodności ustawy z dnia 11 kwietnia 2003 r. o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego z prawem europejskim w świetle orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości, „Rejent” 2004, nr 9.J. Matys, Withdrawal from a contract transferring the ownership of real estate, „Białostockie Studia Prawnicze” 2008, nr 4.S. Prutis, Kształtowanie ustroju rolnego – potrzeba nowej regulacji ustawowej, „Studia Iuridica Agraria” 2005, t. V.S. Prutis, Status prawny rodzinnego gospodarstwa rolnego w polskim prawie rolnym (ocena stanu regulacji, [w:] P. Litwiniuk (red.), Prawne mechanizmy wspierania i ochrony rolnictwa rodzinnego w Polsce i innych państwach Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2015.K. Stefańska, Miejsce rodzinnego gospodarstwa rolnego w obrocie rolnym (zagadnienia wybrane), „Studia Iuridica Agraria” 2012, t. X.A. Stelmachowski, (w:) P. Czechowski, M. Korzycka – Iwanow, S. Prutis, A. Stelmachowski, Polskie prawo rolne na tle ustawodawstwa Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 1999.Rolnictwo i gospodarka żywnościowa w Polsce, Praca zbiorowa, Instytut Ekonomiki Rolnictwa i Gospodarki Żywnościowej, Warszawa 2014.https://bip.minrol.gov.pl/Opracowania-ekspertyzy-publikacje/ROLNICTWO-I-GOSPODARKA--ZYWNOSCIOWA-W-POLSCE2 (data dostępu: 8.09.2015 r.).Z. Truszkiewicz, Przeniesienie własności nieruchomości rolnej w świetle ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego cz. I, „Rejent” 2003, nr 9.Z. Truszkiewicz, Przeniesienie własności nieruchomości rolnej w świetle ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego cz. II, „Rejent” 2003, nr 11.M. Zubik, Gospodarstwo rodzinne – niedoceniona szansa współkształtowania konstytucyjnych podstaw ustroju rolnego przez sądownictwo konstytucyjne [w:] P. Litwiniuk (red.), Prawne mechanizmy wspierania i ochrony rolnictwa rodzinnego w Polsce i innych państwach Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2015.T. Zagórski, M. Dobija, Realizacja ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego – wybrane zagadnienia, stan prawny na 3 stycznia 2011 r.199-21
Influence of war acts on civil law relations (chosen issues)
No full textZdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy SONB/SP/512497/2021In civil law, the consequences of war manifest themselves in the disturbance of contractual balance, signifi cant difficulties or impossibility to fulfil obligations. In order to duly perform the preventive function in economic transactions, civil law should provide for standards which counteract and smooth away the negative impact of economic and financial instability in business trading so as to ensure appropriate protection to parties to agreements. In the Polish Civil Code, the legislator does not use the word “war” or any other equivalent term. From among the Civil Code regulations concerning relations between civil law entities, the notions of the Force Majeure and the rebus sic stantibus clause are of major significance from the point of view of legal practice in the circumstances of acts of war and in all kinds of armed conflicts. Force Majeure is referred to directly in art. 121 item 4, art. 433, art. 435 and art. 846 § 1 of the Polish Civil Code. In the Civil Code, the Force Majeure serves two basic functions: firstly, of a condition indemnifying against risk and, secondly, of a factor causing suspension of the limitation period for claims. Force Majeure is defined in several ways. Currently prevails the objective concept of the Force Majeure, which defines it as an extraordinary and unpreventable phenomenon. The standpoint that actions of individuals (human beings) might meet the description of Force Majeure, although arouses controversies, is accepted by the Supreme Court. Moreover, it is obvious that, whatever the detailed understanding of the Force Majeure, acts of war meet the criteria of the notion pursuant to each and every theoretical presentation thereof in the doctrine and judicature. One of the institutions used for the purpose of modifying the contractual relationships, the fulfilment of which was hindered significantly due to World War II, was the rebus sic stantibus clause regulated in art. 269 of the code of obligations. The Polish Civil Code regulates it in art. 357. Whether the rebus sic stantibus clause can be used for mitigation of the consequences of war is determined by the qualification of armed conflict as an extraordinary change in the relationships. Through its universal character and consequences, which not only include change of the services, but also termination of the agreement provided for in art. 357 of the Polish Civil Code, the rebus sic stantibus clause might have the widest application from among the legal instruments stipulated in the Polish Civil Code in the event of a potential armed conflict.Justyna Matys - University of Białystok, Faculty of Law, Department of Civil Law, Institute of Commercial LawRafał Michałowski - University of Białystok, Faculty of Law, Department of Civil Law, Institute of Agricultural LawBarczak A., Odpowiedzialność na zasadzie ryzyka na przykładzie art. 435 kc. Wybrane problemy, „Transformacje Prawa Prywatnego” 2000, nr 1–2.Bieniek G., Gudowski J., (w:) Kodeks cywilny. Komentarz, t. 3, cz. 1, Zobowiązania, Warszawa 2013.Bolesławski B., Siła wyższa (przepisy regulujące przedawnienie oraz odpowiedzialność ex delicto), (w:) M. Warciński, K. Zaradkiewicz (red.), Wybrane zagadnienia prawa cywilnego, Warszawa 2006.Brzozowski A., (w:) A. Olejniczak (red.), System prawa prywatnego, t. 6, Prawo zobowiązań – cz. ogólna, Warszawa 2009.Brzozowski A., (w:) K. Pietrzykowski (red.), Kodeks cywilny. Komentarz, t. 1, Warszawa 2013.Brzozowski A., Wpływ zmiany okoliczności na zobowiązania w prawie polskim, Warszawa 1992.Brzozowski A., Z problematyki reformy polskiego prawa cywilnego – nowa regulacja nominalizmu i waloryzacji, „Palestra” 1991, nr 1–2.Czachórski W., (w:) System prawa cywilnego, t. 3, cz. 1, Prawo zobowiązań – część ogólna, Wrocław 1981.Czachórski W., Brzozowski A., Safjan M., Skowrońska-Bocian E., Zobowiązania. 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Komentarz, Warszawa 2013.Majda R., Odpowiedzialność cywilna za szkodę jądrową w prawie cywilnym, „Przegląd Sądowy” 2002, nr 6.Malarewicz A., Wpływ zmiany stosunków na wykonanie zobowiązań, cz. 1, „Monitor Prawniczy” 2005, nr 5.Mróz T., O wykonaniu świadczeń pieniężnych w warunkach zmiany okoliczności, „Palestra” 2000, nr 2–3.Owczarek M., Siła wyższa jako przesłanka zwalniająca z odpowiedzialności deliktowej prowadzącego przedsiębiorstwo wprawiane w ruch za pomocą sił przyrody, „Przegląd Sądowy” 2003, nr 1.Robaczyński W., Powrót klauzuli rebus sic stantibus, „Palestra” 1991, nr 11–12.Robaczyński W., Sądowa zmiana umowy, Warszawa 1998.Safjan M., (w:) K. Pietrzykowski (red.) Kodeks cywilny. Komentarz, t. 1, Warszawa 2013.Stelmachowski A., Nominalizm a wykonanie w pieniądzu niepieniężnych zobowiązań, „Nowe Prawo” 1959, nr 11.Stelmachowski A., Zarys teorii prawa cywilnego, Warszawa 1998.Śmieja A., (w:) A. Olejniczak (red.), System prawa prywatnego, t. 6, Prawo zobowiązań – część ogólna, Warszawa 2009.Warkałło W., Siła wyższa jako zasada nieodpowiedzialności i domniemanie przypadkowości szkody, „Państwo i Prawo” 1949, nr 9–10.Wiśniewski T., (w:) G. Bieniek, J. Gudowski (red.), Kodeks cywilny. Komentarz, t. 3, cz. 1, Zobowiązania, Warszawa 2013.7910
Investigating the relationship between diffusion kurtosis tensor imaging (DKTI) and histology within the normal human brain
No full textMeasurements of water diffusion with MRI have been used as a biomarker of tissue microstructure and heterogeneity. In this study, diffusion kurtosis tensor imaging (DKTI) of the brain was undertaken in 10 healthy volunteers at a clinical field strength of 3 T. Diffusion and kurtosis metrics were measured in regions-of-interest on the resulting maps and compared with quantitative analysis of normal post-mortem tissue histology from separate age-matched donors. White matter regions showed low diffusion (0.60 ± 0.04 × 10–3 mm2/s) and high kurtosis (1.17 ± 0.06), consistent with a structured heterogeneous environment comprising parallel neuronal fibres. Grey matter showed intermediate diffusion (0.80 ± 0.02 × 10–3 mm2/s) and kurtosis (0.82 ± 0.05) values. An important finding is that the subcortical regions investigated (thalamus, caudate and putamen) showed similar diffusion and kurtosis properties to white matter. Histological staining of the subcortical nuclei demonstrated that the predominant grey matter was permeated by small white matter bundles, which could account for the similar kurtosis to white matter. Quantitative histological analysis demonstrated higher mean tissue kurtosis and vector standard deviation values for white matter (1.08 and 0.81) compared to the subcortical regions (0.34 and 0.59). Mean diffusion on DKTI was positively correlated with tissue kurtosis (r = 0.82, p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with vector standard deviation (r = -0.69, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates how DKTI can be used to study regional structural variations in the cerebral tissue microenvironment and could be used to probe microstructural changes within diseased tissue in the future
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