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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Kajian Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Positiftentang Tindak Kekerasan Suami Terhadap Istri
No full textViolence against women physically, mentally or sexually has been recognized for centuries. It's as old as the human civilization. In the 90's, analysis of human right issues began to emerge to fulfill the growing need and for the women's life. C.H. Bunch was the first to introduce that women's right are human rights, but, in fact, our Prophet Muhammad pioneered the issues of human rights and women's rights with the Islamic point of view. Violence against women can be committed by anybody in the domestic or public environment. The most grieving kind of violence against women is when it happened in the once sacred marriage and committed be the husbands who are supposed to protect their wives for the good deeds. Lack of protection for the violated wives might be the reason to this. Consequently there's a need for further research on violence against wives according to the law of Islam and the positive law. Descriptive analysis is used in this research with normative jurisdiction method and sociological jurisdiction method. The research takes place in Medan and population are divided into two; First, All the cases of violence against the wives recorded in the file of District court, Religion court or non Government organization in Medan for the last three years. Second, All the wives who live in Medan, there are 93 respondents with some sources ranging from law academics and practitioners, interviews and library research to be qualitatively analyzed in a deductive and inductive method. Both the law of Islam and the positive law are against violence in marriage. Note that the definition of violence itself is still hotly contested, this result in an ambiguity so that different people with different norms have different interpretation. Such violence that happen in Medan include physical violence, economical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence and complicated violence. There are many factors that lead to violence; alcohol and drug abuse, financial reason, affairs, psychological reasons, false interpretation of religious beliefs, outsider or wife's misbehavior. The external factor can be traced back to the culture that positions wives in this lower, inferior status with less legal protection. Generally the roots of the problem are caused be misbehaviors committed by both husband and wife before or after marriage. Islam has provided the rights and the obligations for the couples to obey so that violence won't occur. However, the effectiveness of the law of Islam relies very much on how a person comprehend and perform the religion completely in his/her family as a subsystem of a society against violence while the effectiveness of the positive law depends on the rules and law marker that consequently affect the family and the societyPerlakuan semena-mena terhadap perempuan baik yang ditujukan terhadap fisik, psikis, maupun seksual kiranya telah dikenal sejak berabad abad yang lalu atau setua usia peradaban manusia. Dekade 90-an, isu-isu HAM mulai dianalisis agar dapat menjawab kebutuhan dan kehidupan perempuan. Adalah CH. Bunch yang memperkenalkan bahwa hak perempuan adalah hak asasi manusia. Namun demikian perlu di sadari bahwa pada hakekatnya isu HAM dan hak perempuan telah dirintis oleh Nabi Muhammad lewat ajaran agama Allah. Kekerasan terhadap perempuan dapat dilakukan oleh siapa saja, baik di lingkungan sendiri (domestik) maupun lingkungan luar (publik). Namun kekerasan terhadap perempuan yang paling menyedihkan apabila terjadi di dalam lembaga perkawinan, lembaga yang di sakralkan dan bertujuan luhur. Apalagi pelakunya adalah orang yang sangat dipercaya untuk dapat melindunginya (suami). Hal ini disinyalir terbentuk melalui doktrin agama dan belum adanya perlindungan bagi lstri korban kekerasan secara jelas. Oleh sebab itu perlu di dikaji lebih mendalam tentang Kekerasan Suami Terhadap Istri baik dari sisi hukum Islam maupun Hukum Positif. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriplif analitis. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dan yurisis sosiologis, lokasi penelitian di Kota Medan dan populasi penelitian ini di bagi menjadi dua bagian besar, pertama adalah semua kasus tindak kekerasan terhadap istri yang masuk ke Pengadilan Negeri dan Pengadilan Agama maupun LSM di Kota Medan tiga tahun terakhir. Kedua adalah seluruh Istri yang berdomisili di kota Medan. Sedangkan responden berjumlah 93 ditambah dengan beberapa informan baik dari kalangan akademisi maupun praktisi. Pengumpulan data dengan koesioner, wawancara dan studi kepustakaan. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan metode berfikir deduktif dan induktif. Baik hukum Islam maupun hukum positif tidak membenarkan terjadinya tindak kekerasan di dalam rumah tangga. Namun yang masih menjadi perdebatan adalah makna kekerasan itu sendiri yang sangat bersifat abstrak dan bergantung kepada individu dan norma masyarakat. Bentukbentuk kekerasan yang terjadi di kota Medan meliputi; kekerasan fisik, kekerasan ekonomi, kekerasan seksual, kekerasan psikologis dan kekerasan berlapis. Faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya kekerasan dapat dilihat dari factor internal dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada hal-hal sebagai berikut; alkohol dan obat-obatan terlarang, ekonomi, perselingkuhan, psikologis, pemaham yang keliru terhadap ajaran agama, adanya pihak ketiga, perilaku istri yang menyimpang. Sedangkan factor eksternal dilihat dari budaya rnasyarakat yang memandang istri sebagai interior dan masih kurangnya perlindungan hukum. Di samping itu akar permasalahan kekerasan umumnya berawal dari penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang dilakukan oleh pasangan suami istri baik pranikah maupun sesudah pernikahan. Padahal Islam telah mengajarkan hak dan kewajiban bagi keduanya, yang apabila benar-benar dipahami dan dilaksanakan maka tidak akan ada kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Keefektivan hukum Islam sangat tergantung kepada pemahaman dan pelaksanaan ajarannya dengan kaftah, atau dengan kata lain berpulang kepada ketaatan masing-masing individu dalam keluarga sebagai subsistem dari masyarakat, yang pada akhirnya membentuk suatu masyarakat anti kekerasan. Sedangkan efektifitas hukum positif sangat bergantung kepada peraturan dan penegak hukum yang kemudian memberi pengaruh kepada masyarakat dan keluarga.158 HalamanTesis Magiste
Analisis Hadhanah pada Putusan Hadhanah di Pengadilan Agama Medan (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Agama Medan Tahun 2010-2012)
No full textMarriage is the attempt to unite two different individuals; but, in reality, not all marriages can last forever. By the ending of a marriage, based on the Court’ verdict which is final and conclusive, there will be followed by legal consequence; one of them is about Hadhanah (child custody) on children who are born from that marriage. This case has encouraged the researcher to know hadhanah and its solution by judges which stipulated in the verdict of the Religious Court Class A in the period of 2010-2012.
The theory used in the research was the theory of legal certainty by Jan Michiel Otto, supported by the theory of benefit by Al-Ghazali which consider that the verdict on hadhanah which is final and conclusive must be able to give the benefit to all parties who are in dispute, especially to the children who become the object of the dispute. The research was conducted by using judicial normative method with descriptive analytic approach. The data were gathered by using secondary data, by studying legal provisions, laws, and regulations related to the problems in the research.
It can be concluded that in accordance with Article 105 of the Compilation of Islamic Laws, the custody of children who are before mummayiz (having arrived at the age of discretion/reason) or under 12 years old is given to the mother, while the custody of children who are after mummayiz, it is up to them to choose one of their parents. However, it is not possible that children who are before mummayiz, hadhanah is given to the father if it is evidence that the mother is legally defective. Legal provisions which stipulate the protection for children’s rights, found in Law No. 4/1979 on the Welfare of Children, Law No. 23/2002 on the Protection for Children, and Law No. 39/1999 on Human Rights, are sufficient in regulating the protection and the welfare of children. This becomes judges’ consideration in giving a verdict about hadhanah dispute. In hadhanah dispute, specifically, the implementation of real executorial verdict is made involuntarily. It is recommended that Panel of Judges, in giving the verdict, should prioritize the mother to be given the custody of hadhanah. If that mother does not have the right, it must be proved that she does have the right by strong evidence. The judge’s verdict which is final and conclusive must be executable in its implementation if the verdict is not implemented as it is in the dictum. In order to realize it, it is suggested that the government regulate the sanction on hadhanah, either the sanction on the violation against the dictum on hadhanah or the financing of the children.Perkawinan adalah upaya menyatukan dua pribadi yang berbeda satu sama lain, tetapi kenyataannya tidak semua perkawinan dapat berlangsung dengan langgeng Dengan putusnya suatu perkawinan berdasarkan putusan pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap, maka akan ada akibat hukum yang mengikutinya, salah satunya adalah mengenai sengketa Hadhanah atas anak-anak yang lahir dari perkawinan. Hal inilah yang mendorong untuk mengetahui hadhanah dan penyelesaiannya oleh hakim yang dituangkan dalam putusan Pengadilan Agama Kelas IA Medan sepanjang tahun 2010-2012.
Meneliti masalah tersebut diatas teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori kepastian hukum oleh Jan Michiel Otto, yang didukung teori kemaslahatan oleh Al-Ghazali, yakni menilai putusan hadhanah yang berkekuatan hukum tetap dan putusan itu harus dapat mencapai kemaslahatan bagi semua pihak yang bersengketa terutama kemaslahatan dari anak yang menjadi objek sengketa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang bersifat deskriptif analisis, yang teknik pengumpulan datanya dengan mempergunakan data skunder yaitu dengan mempelajari peraturan perUndang-Undangan yang memiliki hubungan dengan permasalahan dalam penelitian ini.
Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan maka dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa sesuai pasal 105 Kompilasi Hukum Islam, pemeliharaan anak yang belum muwayyiz atau belum berumur 12 Tahun adalah hak ibu, sedangkan pemeliharaan anak yang sudah muwayyiz diserahkan kepada anak untuk memilih diantara ayah atau ibu sebagai pemegang hadhanahnya, namun hal ini tidak menutup kemungkinan pada anak yang belum muwayyiz, hadhanah jatuh pada ayah yaitu jika seorang ibu terbukti cacat hukum. Peraturan perUndang-Undang yang mengatur mengenai perlindungan terhadap hak anak yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 4 tahun 1979 tentang Kesejahteraan anak, Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak, dan Undang-Undang Nomr 39 tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia telah cukup mengatur perlindungan dan kesejahteraan anak dan hal itulah yang menjadi pertimbangan utama hakim dalam memutuskan setiap sengketa hadhanah.Khusus pada sengketa hadhanah maka pelaksanaan putusan secara eksekusi riil yaitu putusan yang dilakukan secara sukarela. Dari hasil penelitian diatas dapat disarankan Kepada Majelis hakim dalam memutuskan perkara sebaiknya seorang ibu yang lebih dahulu dipertimbangkan sebagai pemegang hadhanah, dan jika seorang ibu tidak berhak maka hal itu memang dibuktikan dengan bukti-bukti yang cukup kuat yang menyatakannya tidak berhak atas hadhanah, dan seharusnya putusan hakim yang telah mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap bersifat eksekutabel dalam pelaksanaannya jika putusan itu tidak dilaksanakan sesuai amar putusan. Dan untuk mewujudkannya hendaknya pemerintah mengatur masalah sanksi hadhanah baik mengenai sanksi dalam pelanggaran penetapan hadhanah maupun pembiayaan anak.163 HalamanTesis Magiste
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Perlindungan Hukum atas Pemegang Polis yang tidak Memenuhi Kewajibannya dalam Pembayaran Premi (Studi Pada Asuransi Jiwa Bersama Bumiputera 1912 PT. Asuransi Takaful Keluarga di Kota Medan)
No full textThe Insurance institution in Indonesia in this time has expanded to go forward. Beside the conventional Insurance institution, have attended the life insurance institution area insurance which pursuant to principle of syari'at Islam that is PT. Asuransi Takaful Keluarga. Born it of is The Insurance institution of syari'ah because some of moslem society in Indonesia during the time doubt of pregnant conventional insurance system of three things which is prohibited in Islam teaching, that is: interest (riba), obscurity (gharar), gambling (maisir). Life insurance from the aspect of look into law face is to represent an agreement form between policy holder as the insured with party company insurance as underwriter, In insurance policy promised to regarding the parties rights and obligations. One of the especial obligation of company insurance as underwriter is to indemnity in the event of risk which harming the insured, while especial obligation of policy holder as the insured is to pay for premium. This matter by explicit have been mentioned in Article 1 item (1) Code Nmnber2 Year 1992 about Effort Insurance expressing that “Insurance is agreement between two parties or more, by which underwriter party bind itself to the insured, by accepting insurance premium, to give replacement to the insured because loss, expected advantage loss or damage or responsibility punish to third party which possibly will be suffered by the Insured, arising out from a dicey event, or to give a based payment to the dying or its life of someone which is underwritten”. In reality there are still happened policy holder as the insured at company of Asuransi Jiwa Bersama (AJB) Bumiputera 1912 and PT. Asuransi Takaful Keluarga in Medan town in payment of premium. Research for the writing of this thesis aim to know and explain becoming the reason of policy holder did not fulfill obligation it in payment of premium and its legal consequences also effort gone through to finishing it. This research has the character of analytical descriptive and comparative with approach of empirical yuridis. Research Sample for the writing of this thesis is executed by purposive sampling, while data collecting done with method of questioner and interview, then analyzed qualitative and is quantitative. Result of Research show, reason of policy holder did not fulfill obligation it in payment because decreasing him ability of financial, because agent of insurance did not come to take premium money and because not wish again continue agreement of life insurance. Legal consequences which is arranged in insurance policy if policy holder did not fulfill obligation it in payment of premium at AJB Bumiputera 1912 is: Imposition of interest of premium money which not yet been paid, Premium money will not earn to be asked or returned in whatever form and party of AJB Bumiputera 1912 freeing from obligation pay for decent money amount (insured). While at PT. Insurance of Takaful Family, its legal consequences is Policy expressed by cancellation if continuation premium not yet been paid to pass a grace period I month commencing from the date of payment due, Participant which is its insurance policy is expressed by cancellation and he wish to retire from agreement of its] life insurance, hence he earn to ask premium money he which have pay for, on condition that its policy is insurance with saving element, Participant of insurance with saving element passing away while its policy in a state of cancellation, hence its heir remain to get santuan of company in the form of cash value which is contained in its insurance policy and There no imposition of interest /penalty of premium money arrears. Strive the solving of which gone through either by AJB Bumiputera 1912 and also of PT. Asuransi Takaful Keluarga in principle much the same to, that is beforehand give exhortation verbally and also written into policy holder which did not pay for premium, do cure of lost by limitation policy or inactive policy by request of written from policy holder and fulfill conditions which have been specified by company of pertinent insurance. Suggested to policy holder to be always pay for timely premium according to agreement in policy to be protected from effect of able to harm policy holder alone and to society so that more accurate and taking a care before taking a insurance product and have to be adapted for by monetary ability and requirement. To party company of life insurance to always perform a training and education to officer of it’s operational to can market insurance product as according to requirement and ability of client candidate, conducting addiction of premium by continuing to policy holder address if have been promised previously, active always and have continuation to give clarification to all policy holder about benefit, meaning, the parties rights and obligations in agreement of life insurance. Suggested also the importance of is immediately formed a institute of is solving of dispute of extrajudicial insurance contract between company of insurance with policy holder and to government to publish special code/law arrange about content contract insurance.Usaha perasuransian di Indonesia saat ini telah berkembang pesat. Di samping usaha perasuransian konvensional, telah muncul usaha perasuransian dibidang asuransi jiwa yang berdasarkan prinsip syari'at Islam, yaitu PT. Asuransi Takaful Keluarga. Lahirnya usaha perasuransian syari'ah dikarenakan sebagian masyarakat muslim di Indonesia selama ini meragukan sistem asuransi konvensional yang mengandung tiga hal yang dilarang dalam ajaran Islam, yaitu : bunga (riba), ketidakjelasan (gharar) dan perjudian (maisir). Asuransi jiwa dari segi hukum adalah merupakan suatu bentuk peIjanjian antara pemegang polis sebagai tertanggung dengan pihak perusahaan asuransi sebagai penanggung. Dalam polis asuransi jiwa diperjanjikan mengenai hak dan kewajiban para pihak. Salah satu kewajiban utama perusahaan asuransi sebagai penanggung adalah mengganti kerugian apabila terjadi risiko yang merugikan tertanggung, sedangkan kewajiban utama pemegang polis sebagai tertanggung adalah membayar premi. Hal ini secara eksplisit telah disebutkan dalam Pasal 1 butir (1) Undang-undang Nomor 2 Tahun 1992 tentang Usaha Perasuransian yang menyatakan, “Asuransi atau pertanggungan adalah perjanjian antara dua pihak atau lebih, dengan mana pihak penanggung mengikatkan diri kepada tertanggung, dengan menerima premi asuransi, untuk memberikan penggantian kepada tertanggung karena kerugian, kerusakan atau kehilangan keuntungan yang diharapkan atau tanggung jawab hukum kepada pihak ketiga yang mungkin akan diderita tertanggung, yang timbul dari suatu peristiwa yang tidak pasti, atau untuk memberikan suatu pembayaran yang didasarkan atas meninggal atau hidupnya seseorang yang dipertanggungkan”. Dalam kenyataannya masih ada terjadi pemegang polis sebagai tertanggung pada perusahaan Asuransi Jiwa Bersama (AJB) Bumiputera 1912 dan PT. Asuransi Takaful Keluarga di kota Medan yang tidak memenuhi kewajibannya dalam pembayaran premi. Penelitian untuk penulisan tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan yang menjadi alasan pemegang polis tidak memenuhi kewajibannya dalam pembayaran premi dan akibat hukumnya serta upaya yang ditempuh untuk menyelesaikannya. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptifanalitis dan komparatif dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris. Sampel penelitian dilaksanakan secara purposive sampling, sedangkan pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode kuesioner dan wawancara, kernudian dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, alasan pemegang polis tidak memenuhi kewajibannya dalam pembayaran adalah karena berkurangnya kemampuan finansial, karena agen/petugas asuransi tidak datang untuk mengambil uang premi dan karena tidak ingin lagi melanjutkan perjanjian asuransi jiwanya. Akibat hukum yang diatur dalam polis asuransi jiwa jika pemegang polis tidak memenuhi kewajibannya dalam pembayaran premi pada AJB Bumiputera 1912 adalah: Pengenaan bunga atas uang premi yang belum dibayarkan, Uang premi tidak akan dapat diminta atau dikembalikan dalam bentuk apapun dan Pihak AJB Bumiputera 1912 bebas dari kewajiban membayar uang santunan (uang pertanggungan). Sedangkan pada PT. Asuransi Takaful Keluarga, akibat hukumnya adalah polis dinyatakan batal apabila premi lanjutan belum dibayarkan melewati masa kelonggaran 1 (satu) bulan sejak tanggal jatuh tempo pembayaran, Peserta yang polis asuransi jiwanya dinyatakan batal dan ia ingin mengundurkan diri dari perjanjian asuransi jiwa, maka ia dapat meminta uang premi yang telah ia bayarkan, dengan syarat polisnya adalah asuransi dengan unsur tabungan, Peserta asuransi dengan unsur tabungan yang meninggal dunia sedangkan polisnya dalam keadaan batal, maka ahli warisnya tetap mendapat santunan dari perusahaan berupa nilai tunai yang tercantum dalam polis asuransi jiwanya dan tidak ada pengenaan denda bunga atas tunggakan uang premi. Upaya penyelesaian yang ditempuh baik oleh AJB Bumiputera 1912 maupun PT. Asuransi Takaful Keluarga pada prinsipnya hampir sama, yaitu terlebih dahulu memberikan teguran secara lisan maupun tertulis kepada pemegang polis yang tidak membayar premi, melakukan pemulihan polis kedaluarsa atau polis tidak aktif atas permintaan tertulis dari pemegang polis dan memenuhi syarat-syarat yang telah ditetapkan cleh perusahaan asuransi yang bersangkutan. Disarankan kepada pernegang polis agar selalu membayar premi tepat waktu sesuai perjanjian dalam polis agar terhindar dari akibat-akibat yang dapat merugikan pemegang polis sendiri dan kepada masyarakat untuk lebih berhati-hati dan teliti sebelum mengambil suatu produk asuransi yang harus disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan dan kemampuan keuangannya. Kepada pihak perusahaan asuransi jiwa agar menekankan kepada petugas operasionalnya untuk mampu memasarkan produk asuransi sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kemampuan calon nasabah, melakukan pengutipan atau penagihan prerni secara berlanjut ke alamat pemegang polis jika telah diperjanjikan sebelumnya dan secara berkelanjutan mernberikan penjelasan kepada para pemegang polis tentang manfaat, hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam perjanjian asuransi jiwa. Disarankan juga perlunya segera dibentuk suatu lembaga penyelesaian perselisihan kontrak asuransi diluar pengadilan antara perusahaan asuransi dengan pemegang polis dan kepada pemerintah untuk menerbitkan undang-undang yang khusus mengatur tentang isi kontrak asuransi.179 halamanTesis Magiste
Musyawarah Sebagai Salah Satu Cara Penyelesaian Harta Warisan di Luar Jalur Pengadilan di Kotamadya Medan
No full textThe law of inheritance is deeply connected with
the human livelihood cause its became a natural law that every human being must endure an event usually known as death. Death cause a question that is how the continuation of right and obligation from the death
transition of properties to the legal heir which is in Islamic Law called Faraidh.
Islamic Law, its
Faraidh as a sub system from certainty is clear in Holy Qur'an and the society of Medan, certainty of distribution is carried out based on of the line of jurisdiction.
Hadist. But in
solving legacy
deliberation
out
To find out the manners of solving the legacy distribution out of the jurisdiction and the consequences and how according to the Islamic
distribution of legacy based on
Law the
deliberation
particularly in city. of Medan, consequently this research is performed. The Islamic Law, suggested to; all people making negotiate based on the God said in Qoran, Assyura 38 that means " Those who hearken to their Lord, and establish Regular prayer, who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation, who spend out of what we bestow on them for sustenance". An-nisa 59 that means "O ye who believe! obey God, and obey and the Apostle and those charged, with authority among you if
ye differe in anything, among yours selves, refer it to God and His A postle if ye do believe in God, And the Last day That is best, and most suitable for final determination .Ijtihad Jama'i is inisiative of the founding Islamic Law through negotiation.
:
The result of agreement called : Ijma' Bayani. This Ijma' be able to decide the problem (Hujjah). The Hadist explanation by Tabrani from Ibnu Abbas "Whoever desired something a case, then he making negotiate with other Moslems, therefore Allah will help to choose which a case is the Truth.
This research is a
samples are
individuals,
descriptive
research. The
and the method is survey
approach. The samples will be taken half because extensive of Medan city and population. Kind of sample is a probability sample. Four subdistrics will be chosen as population representative. The four subdistrics are Medan Kota, Medan Baru, Medan Johor and
Medan Timur.
The result shows that deliberation as a method of solving legacy distribution out of jurisdiction in city. of Medan is carried out and society knowledge to the system of Islamic Law is good So from the way of
Islamic Law, solving legacy
distribution
deliberation is permitted as long as the
known by all the legal heir.
by
condition
is known by all the legal heir.370 HalamanTesis Magiste
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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