43 research outputs found
Feminine Stereotypes, Educating Women Trough Literature: An Analysis of Guy de Maupassant Short Stories
No full textGuy de Maupassant is a French author whose works have been translated into English. Some of his shorts stories focused on women as the center of the story in which women become the source of misfortune as presented in five chosen short stories for this research. This research is part of objective approach research that focuses on analyzing literary works as it is, without considering the relationship of the intrinsic aspects to the reality of the world. Although the possible intention of the author to use literary work as a tool to educate readers is also explained. In delivering his ideas, Guy de Maupassant often describes women in stereotypes that include formlessness, instability, irrationality, piety, spirituality, materialism. Guy de Maupassant also used his literary work as an instrument to teach the readers about the concept of ideal women by providing advice if not criticism and humiliation; because trough reading literature, the knowledge transfer activities become possible. Keyword: Guy De Maupassant, Short Stories, Stereotype
ANALISIS DEKONSTRUKSI TERHADAP TIGA DONGENG GRIMMS BERSAUDARA: RAPUNZEL, SNOW DROP, DAN ASHPUTTEL
No full textAbstrak
Snow Drop, Ashputel dan Rapunzel merupakan cerita dongeng yang dituliskan oleh Grimms bersaudara. Karya ini telah dinikmati oleh anak-anak di seluruh penjurudunia, karya ini juga sering digunakan sebagai media pendidikan untuk mengajarkan kepada anak-anak akan pentingnya kejujjuran dan kebajikan. Para pembaca seringkali melihat ketiga karakter utama yang hadir dalam kaya sastra tersebut sebagai sosok wanita ideal, karena mereka dihadirkan sebagai sosok yang cantik dan berbudi luhur. Namun kenyataannya, karya sastra memiliki makna yang lebih dari satu; sosok yang seharusnya dihadirkan dalam karya sastra tersebut tidak tunggal. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk menemukan teks minor yang hadir dalam karya sastra dengan menggunakan teori dekonstruksi yang diperkenalkan oleh Derrida yang beranggapan bahwa karya sastra tidak monophony. Dengan teori ini, dapat ditemukan text minor dalam karya Grimms bersaudara dan membentuk makna baru; sehingga makna dari karya sastra tersebut tertunda. Teori dekonstruksi memungkinkan kita untuk melihat makna lain dalam karya sastra yang berjudul Snow Drop, Ashputel and Raounzel.
Kata Kunci: analisis dekonstruksi, Rapunzel, Snow Drop, Ashputtel
Abstract
Snow Drop, Ashputel and Rapunzel are the fairytales which are written by the Grim
Multidisciplinary system design optimization of fiber-optic networks within data centers
No full textThesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 136-142).The growth of the Internet and the vast amount of cloud-based data have created a need to develop data centers that can respond to market dynamics. The role of a data center designer, whom is responsible for scoping, building, and managing the infrastructure design is becoming increasingly complex. This work presents a new analytical systems approach to modeling fiber-optic network design within data centers. Multidisciplinary system design optimization (MSDO) is utilized to integrate seven disciplines into a unified software framework for modeling 10G, 40G, and 100G multi-mode fiber-optics networks: 1) market and industry analysis, 2) fiber-optic technology, 3) data center infrastructure, 4) systems analysis, 5) multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms, 6) parallel computing, and 7) simulation research using MATLAB and OptiSystem. The framework is applied to four theoretical data center case studies to simultaneously evaluate the Pareto optimal trade-offs of (a) minimizing life-cycle costs, (b) maximizing user capacity, and (c) maximizing optical transmission quality (Q-factor). The results demonstrate that data center life-cycle costs are most sensitive to power costs, 10G OM4 multi-mode optical fiber is Pareto optimal for long reach and low user capacity needs, and 100G OM4 multi-mode optical fiber is Pareto optimal for short reach and high user capacity needs.by Rany Polany.S.M. in Engineering and Managemen
REPERTOIRE DALAM KARYA P.D. JAMES DEATH COMES TO PEMBERLEY: KAJIAN RESPON ESTETIKA WOLFGANG ISER
No full textNobility is an issue which presents in the work of PD James entitled Death Comes to Pemberley. By applying Wolfgang Iser�s concept of repertoire, the aspects of nobility will be unfold by considering the social, cultural, and historical norms. In the other hand, the text also indicates its relationship with the previous work of Jane Austen entitled Pride and Prejudice. Reading method is used in order to help the reader in grasping the meaning of the text. The concept of nobility is appeared in form of social norm that relates to the matrimonial system, education, profession, and life style. Balls and dance present as the cultural norms that are associated with English nobility. The Irish campaign and the preparation of Britain to encounter the Napoleon War are used as the historical norms that are also discussed in Death Comes to Pemberley. The norms that present in the literary text are not merely a representation of the reality, but as the repertoires of PD James which are then re-arranged to create the new context. The aspects that consist on Austen�s Pride and Prejudice are also re-appeared in Death Comes to Pemberley that is used to help the reader in understanding the literary work
PEMBANGUNAN TWEET AGGREGATOR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE NAÏVE BAYES
No full textKonsumsi informasi berita yang semakin tinggi telah menjadi kebutuhan vital bagi masyarakat. Hal ini berdampak pada cepatnya perkembangan lalu lintas informasi di tengah masyarakat. Salah satu sumber informasi yang berperan penting dalam penyebaran berita adalah tweet yang dikirimkan melalui media sosial Twitter. Dengan banyaknya informasi yang beredar melalui tweet tentunya akan menyulitkan pembaca untuk mengetahui informasi berita spesifik yang tersebar. Pada penelitian ini penulis terfokus pada pengklasifikasian informasi berita ke dalam kategori berita dengan sumber data tweet. Teknik yang digunakan adalah algoritma Naïve Bayes dengan dua tahap klasifikasi. Tahap pertama digunakan untuk memisahkan antara tweet berita dan tweet bukan berita. Sedangkan tahap kedua digunakan untuk memisahkan tweet berita tersebut ke dalam kategori berita yang telah disiapkan. Hasil klasifikasi pada tahap pertama menghasilkan akurasi sebesar 77,35%, sedangkan hasil klasifikasi pada tahap kedua menghasilkan akurasi sebesar 61,21%. Tweet yang telah terkelompok di masing-masing kategori ditampilkan pada dashboard user untuk memudahkan pengguna dalam mengakses informasi berita. Dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa algoritma Naïve Bayes layak digunakan untuk pengklasifikasian informasi berita dengan sumber data tweet berbahasa Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Klasifikasi, Naïve Bayes, Twitter, Berita
As the increase of news consumption has become a vital necessity of society. This condition affects on the rapid growth of information traffic in the community. One of information source that plays an important role in dissemination of news is tweet that sent via Twitter. With the amount of information circulating through Twitter will certainly make it difficult for readers to know the specific information that scattered. In this research author focused on the classification of news information into several categories with tweets as the data source. Author used Naïve Bayes algorithm with two-stage classifications. The first stage is used to separate tweets as news and non-news, while the second one is used to separate news tweets into categories that have been prepared. The result of the first stage shows the classification accuracy of 77,35%, while the second stage shows the classification accuracy of 61,21%. Tweets that have been classified in each category will displayed on user dashboard and allow user to access the news information comfortably. This research pointed that Naïve Bayes algorithm can be used for the classification of news information with tweets in Bahasa as the data source.
Keywords: Classification, Naïve Bayes, Twitter, New
STUDI KOMPARASI QURAISH SHIHAB DAN NUR ROFIAH TERHADAP SUAMI ISTRI YANG MEMUTUSKAN TIDAK PUNYA ANAK (CHILDFREE)
No full textABSTRAK
Childfree adalah pilihan hidup yang dibuat secara sadar oleh orang
yang menjalani kehidupan tanpa ingin melahirkan dan memilki anak,
dalam hal para tokoh Islam memilki beberapa perbedaan pendapat,
misalnya pendapat Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah. Berdasarkan hal
tersebut peneliti tertarik melakukan penelitian ini.
Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana
pemikiran Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah tentang suami isteri yang
memutuskan tidak punya anak (childfree)? dan bagaimana studi
komparasi Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah Terhadap Suami Istri yang
Memutuskan Tidak Punya Anak (childfree)? Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu
untuk mengetahui pemikiran Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah tentang
suami isteri yang memutuskan tidak punya anak (childfree) dan untuk
mengetahui studi komparasi Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah terhadap
suami istri yang memutuskan tidak punya anak (childfree). Jenis
penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dalam bentuk pustaka
(library research), yaitu sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan di
perpustakaan dimana pekerja riset membaca, menelaah atau memeriksa
bahan-bahan kepustakaan yang terdapat di dalam perpustakaan tersebut.
Sumber data yang digunkan berupa sumber data primer dan sumber data
sekunder. Sumber data primer adalah sumber utama yang digunakan oleh
penulis ialah karya Quraish Shihab dan karya Nur Rofiah. Sumber data
sekunder yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa kitab tafsir selain
kitab primer, artikel dan buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan topik
penelitian.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat menunjukkan bahwa kedua
pemikir, meskipun memiliki latar belakang dan pendekatan yang berbeda,
sepakat bahwa keputusan childfree dapat diterima dalam Islam, asalkan
didasarkan pada pertimbangan maslahat, persetujuan bersama, dan
tanggung jawab. Quraish Shihab menekankan pentingnya kebahagiaan
dan kesejahteraan pasangan, serta memahami keputusan ini dalam
konteks maqasid syariah. Sementara itu, Nur Rofiah menyoroti hak
otonomi tubuh, terutama bagi perempuan, dan mengaitkan keputusan ini
dengan tantangan sosial modern. Keduanya menunjukkan bahwa Islam
memiliki fleksibilitas dalam merespons isu-isu keluarga kontemporer, di
mana prinsip keadilan, kebijaksanaan, dan tanggung jawab menjadi
landasan utama. Maka kedua pemikir ini sama-sama mengedepankan
aspek maslahat dan kesejahteraan pasangan dalam keputusan childfree,
dengan mempertimbangkan hak individu serta kemaslahatan bersama. .
Kata Kunci: Studi Komparasi, Quraish Shihab, Nur Rofiah, Childfree. ABSTRACT
Childfree is a life choice made consciously by people who live
their lives without wanting to give birth and have children, in the case of
Islamic figures who have several different opinions, for example the
opinions of Quraish Shihab and Nur Rofiah. Based on this, researchers
are interested in conducting this research.
The problem formulation in this research is what do Quraish
Shihab and Nur Rofiah think about husband and wife who decide not to
have children (childfree)? and what is the comparative study of Quraish
Shihab and Nur Rofiah regarding husbands and wives who decide not to
have children (childfree)? The purpose of this research is to find out
Quraish Shihab and Nur Rofiah's thoughts about husbands and wives
who decide not to have children (childfree) and to find out a comparative
study of Quraish Shihab and Nur Rofiah regarding husbands and wives
who decide not to have children (childfree). This type of research uses
qualitative research in the form of library research, namely research
conducted in a library where research workers read, study or examine
library materials contained in the library. The data sources used are
primary data sources and secondary data sources. Primary data sources
are the main sources used by the author, namely the work of Quraish
Shihab and the work of Nur Rofiah. Secondary data sources used in this
research are interpretive books other than primary books, articles and
books related to the research topic.
Based on the research results, it can be shown that the two
thinkers, even though they have different backgrounds and approaches,
agree that childfree decisions are acceptable in Islam, as long as they are
based on considerations of benefit, mutual agreement and responsibility.
Quraish Shihab emphasizes the importance of the happiness and well
being of the couple, and understands this decision in the context of
maqasid sharia. Meanwhile, Nur Rofiah highlighted the right to bodily
autonomy, especially for women, and linked this decision to modern
social challenges. Both show that Islam has flexibility in responding to
contemporary family issues, where the principles of justice, wisdom and
responsibility are the main foundation. So these two thinkers both
prioritize aspects of the benefit and welfare of couples in childfree
decisions, taking into account individual rights and mutual benefit. .
Keywords: Comparative Study, Quraish Shihab, Nur Rofiah, Childfree
Changing Local Bali App With Ujung Pandang ACC Regarding Runway Changes In Use
No full textBali Ngurah Rai International Airport serves local, domestic, international, and overflying traffic passing through Bali CTR airspace. Based on the procedures that have been implemented, APP Bali has a coordination flow with adjacent units both in the form of direct coordination and also based on the LOCA (Letter OF Coordination Agreement). At LOCA Makassar ATSC, Bali ATS, and Surabaya ATS, there has been no notification of changes in runway use for ACC Ujung Pandang and APP Surabaya. The purpose of this study is to add a runway change notification to the coordination section. The research method used is qualitative descriptive. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews, and literature review. Data processing techniques use data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results of this study, the author compares with DOC 4444 to make changes and additions to information coordination in LOCA Makassar ATSC, Bali ATS, and Surabaya ATS in the coordination timing section. The advice that the author can give by adding coordination to ACC Ujung Pandang regarding runway changes at RKT Bali and ATZ Banyuwangi followed by the use of SID / STAR at ATZ Banyuwangi because Banyuwangi has 4 different types of SID / STAR by following runway changes at Bali CTR
STUDI KOMPARASI QURAISH SHIHAB DAN NUR ROFIAH TERHADAP SUAMI ISTRI YANG MEMUTUSKAN TIDAK PUNYA ANAK (CHILDFREE)
No full textABSTRAK
Childfree adalah pilihan hidup yang dibuat secara sadar oleh orang
yang menjalani kehidupan tanpa ingin melahirkan dan memilki anak,
dalam hal para tokoh Islam memilki beberapa perbedaan pendapat,
misalnya pendapat Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah. Berdasarkan hal
tersebut peneliti tertarik melakukan penelitian ini.
Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana
pemikiran Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah tentang suami isteri yang
memutuskan tidak punya anak (childfree)? dan bagaimana studi
komparasi Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah Terhadap Suami Istri yang
Memutuskan Tidak Punya Anak (childfree)? Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu
untuk mengetahui pemikiran Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah tentang
suami isteri yang memutuskan tidak punya anak (childfree) dan untuk
mengetahui studi komparasi Quraish Shihab dan Nur Rofiah terhadap
suami istri yang memutuskan tidak punya anak (childfree). Jenis
penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dalam bentuk pustaka
(library research), yaitu sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan di
perpustakaan dimana pekerja riset membaca, menelaah atau memeriksa
bahan-bahan kepustakaan yang terdapat di dalam perpustakaan tersebut.
Sumber data yang digunkan berupa sumber data primer dan sumber data
sekunder. Sumber data primer adalah sumber utama yang digunakan oleh
penulis ialah karya Quraish Shihab dan karya Nur Rofiah. Sumber data
sekunder yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa kitab tafsir selain
kitab primer, artikel dan buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan topik
penelitian.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat menunjukkan bahwa kedua
pemikir, meskipun memiliki latar belakang dan pendekatan yang berbeda,
sepakat bahwa keputusan childfree dapat diterima dalam Islam, asalkan
didasarkan pada pertimbangan maslahat, persetujuan bersama, dan
tanggung jawab. Quraish Shihab menekankan pentingnya kebahagiaan
dan kesejahteraan pasangan, serta memahami keputusan ini dalam
konteks maqasid syariah. Sementara itu, Nur Rofiah menyoroti hak
otonomi tubuh, terutama bagi perempuan, dan mengaitkan keputusan ini
dengan tantangan sosial modern. Keduanya menunjukkan bahwa Islam
memiliki fleksibilitas dalam merespons isu-isu keluarga kontemporer, di
mana prinsip keadilan, kebijaksanaan, dan tanggung jawab menjadi
landasan utama. Maka kedua pemikir ini sama-sama mengedepankan
aspek maslahat dan kesejahteraan pasangan dalam keputusan childfree,
dengan mempertimbangkan hak individu serta kemaslahatan bersama. .
Kata Kunci: Studi Komparasi, Quraish Shihab, Nur Rofiah, Childfree. ABSTRACT
Childfree is a life choice made consciously by people who live
their lives without wanting to give birth and have children, in the case of
Islamic figures who have several different opinions, for example the
opinions of Quraish Shihab and Nur Rofiah. Based on this, researchers
are interested in conducting this research.
The problem formulation in this research is what do Quraish
Shihab and Nur Rofiah think about husband and wife who decide not to
have children (childfree)? and what is the comparative study of Quraish
Shihab and Nur Rofiah regarding husbands and wives who decide not to
have children (childfree)? The purpose of this research is to find out
Quraish Shihab and Nur Rofiah's thoughts about husbands and wives
who decide not to have children (childfree) and to find out a comparative
study of Quraish Shihab and Nur Rofiah regarding husbands and wives
who decide not to have children (childfree). This type of research uses
qualitative research in the form of library research, namely research
conducted in a library where research workers read, study or examine
library materials contained in the library. The data sources used are
primary data sources and secondary data sources. Primary data sources
are the main sources used by the author, namely the work of Quraish
Shihab and the work of Nur Rofiah. Secondary data sources used in this
research are interpretive books other than primary books, articles and
books related to the research topic.
Based on the research results, it can be shown that the two
thinkers, even though they have different backgrounds and approaches,
agree that childfree decisions are acceptable in Islam, as long as they are
based on considerations of benefit, mutual agreement and responsibility.
Quraish Shihab emphasizes the importance of the happiness and well
being of the couple, and understands this decision in the context of
maqasid sharia. Meanwhile, Nur Rofiah highlighted the right to bodily
autonomy, especially for women, and linked this decision to modern
social challenges. Both show that Islam has flexibility in responding to
contemporary family issues, where the principles of justice, wisdom and
responsibility are the main foundation. So these two thinkers both
prioritize aspects of the benefit and welfare of couples in childfree
decisions, taking into account individual rights and mutual benefit. .
Keywords: Comparative Study, Quraish Shihab, Nur Rofiah, Childfree
Variação, mudança linguística e português do Brasil na grammatica portugueza: curso superior (1920 [1887]), de João Ribeiro (1860-1934)
No full textThis dissertation investigates, in a historiographical perspective, the approach to linguistic
variation, linguistic change and Brazilian Portuguese in Grammatica Portugueza: Curso
Superior (1920 [1887]), by João Ribeiro (1860-1934). We weave for this research some
specific objectives: i) to investigate the explicit or underlying conceptions of linguistic
variation and change present in the selected historiographical source; ii) to point out the
author's positions, favorable or contrary, in relation to the linguistic themes under study in this
dissertation; iii) to identify the phonetic/phonological, morphological and syntactic
phenomena that the author uses to treat linguistic variation and change; iv) to analyze the
speeches about the intellectual figure of João Ribeiro, fruits of the history of brazilian
linguistics, and his relationship with Brazilian Portuguese, as well as identify the conceptions
adopted by the grammarian about this variety of Portuguese; v) to examine the rhetorical
movements linked to João Ribeiro's grammar, as well as to identify the influences received by
the author for the production of his work. To achieve these objectives, the research seeks
theoretical and methodological support in the Historiography of Linguistics (SWIGGERS,
2004, 2013, 2014; KOERNER, 2014; ALTMAN, 2009, 2012). This discipline describes and
explains the evolutionary course of linguistic knowledge. The concerns of the area do not
reside only in presenting history, but also in interpreting it. We support our analytical
reflections in the category of layer analysis of linguistic knowledge, proposed by Swiggers
(2004), which makes it possible to investigate, from a dynamic perspective, the development
of grammatical studies. In this sense, we analyze the context in which grammar is inserted
(contextual layer), grammatical concepts (theoretical layer), the conduct of grammatical work
carried out by the grammarian (technical layer) and the example used in the sources
(documental layer). When we analyzed the contextual layer of the work, we identify that
João Ribeiro was constituted as a multiple figure by the strength of his intellectuality in the
late 19th century and early 20th century, as well as by the fact that he based himself on
numerous other texts and authors for the production of his grammar. Moreover, the analysis
of this layer still gave us space to understand that João Ribeiro moves away from the
defending figure of the Portuguese of Brazil, as it seems to signalize, in a general way, the
history of grammar in Brazil. On the contrary, in this grammar, João Ribeiro reveals himself
to be a grammarian who reduces Brazilian Portuguese to a set of condemnable
"Brazilianisms". From the analysis of the theoretical layer, we realize that João Ribeiro
conceptualizes several types of grammar (general/universal, particular, historical, comparative
and descriptive) and adheres to the historical-comparative method and, perhaps for this
reason, approaches linguistic variation through interdiction and through acceptance of
linguistic change. Focusing on the technical layer, we observe that, despite recognizing the
existence of a Brazilian Portuguese, João Ribeiro in fact treats it from an explicit judgment of
negative value. Finally, with the analysis of the documental layer, we conclude that the
grammarian, besides using examples created by him in the treatment of the language, makes
use of an apparatus based on previous literary writing, constituted of authors of Portuguese
literature belonging to different historical moments of Portuguese.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESEsta dissertação investiga, numa perspectiva historiográfica, a abordagem da variação
linguística, da mudança linguística e do português do Brasil na Grammatica Portugueza:
Curso Superior (1920 [1887]), de João Ribeiro (1860-1934). Tecemos para esta pesquisa
alguns objetivos específicos: i) investigar as concepções, explícitas ou subjacentes, de
variação e mudança linguística presentes na fonte historiográfica selecionada; ii) apontar os
posicionamentos do autor, favoráveis ou contrários, em relação aos temas linguísticos em
estudo nesta dissertação; iii) identificar os fenômenos fonéticos/fonológicos, morfológicos e
sintáticos que o autor utiliza para tratar a variação e a mudança linguística; iv) analisar os
discursos sobre a figura intelectual de João Ribeiro, frutos da história da linguística brasileira,
e sua relação com o português do Brasil, bem como identificar as concepções adotadas pelo
gramático sobre essa variedade do português; v) examinar os movimentos de retórica
vinculados à gramática de João Ribeiro, bem como identificar as influências recebidas pelo
autor para a produção de sua obra. Para alcançar esses objetivos, a investigação busca
respaldo teórico-metodológico na Historiografia da Linguística (SWIGGERS, 2004, 2013,
2014; KOERNER, 2014; ALTMAN, 2009, 2012). Essa disciplina descreve e explica o curso
evolutivo do conhecimento linguístico. As preocupações da área não residem somente em
apresentar a história, mas também em interpretá-la. Apoiamos nossas reflexões analíticas na
categoria de análise camadas do conhecimento linguístico, proposta por Swiggers (2004), que
possibilita investigar, em uma perspectiva dinâmica, o desenvolvimento dos estudos
gramaticais. Nesse sentido, analisamos o contexto em que se insere a gramática (camada
contextual), os conceitos gramaticais (camada teórica), a condução do trabalho
gramaticográfico realizado pelo gramático (camada técnica) e o exemplário utilizado nas
fontes (camada documental). Ao analisarmos a camada contextual da obra, identificamos que
João Ribeiro se constituiu como uma figura múltipla pela força de sua intelectualidade nos
anos finais do século 19 e anos iniciais do século 20, bem como pelo fato de ter se baseado
em outros inúmeros textos e autores para a produção de sua gramática. Além disso, a análise
dessa camada ainda nos deu espaço para entendermos que João Ribeiro se afasta da figura
defensora do português do Brasil, conforme parece sinalizar, de um modo geral, a história da
gramática no Brasil. Pelo contrário, nessa gramática, João Ribeiro se revela um gramático que
reduz o português do Brasil a um conjunto de “brasileirismos” condenáveis. A partir da
análise da camada teórica, percebemos que João Ribeiro conceitua inúmeros tipos de
gramática (geral/universal, particular, histórica, comparativa e descritiva) e se filia ao método
histórico-comparativo e, talvez por esse motivo, aborda por meio da interdição a variação
linguística e por meio da aceitação a mudança linguística. Focalizando a camada técnica,
observamos que, apesar de reconhecer a existência de um português do Brasil, João Ribeiro o
trata, de fato, a partir de um juízo explícito de valor negativo. Por fim, com a análise da
camada documental, concluímos que o gramático, além de utilizar exemplos criados por ele
no trato da língua, faz uso de um aparato baseado na escrita literária pregressa, constituído de
autores de literatura portuguesa pertencentes a diferentes momentos históricos do português
Protecting wound edges from infection using an Alexis wound retractor
No full textWstęp. Zakażenia ran operacyjnych towarzyszą ludzkości od zarania dziejów. Przez wieki były jedną z głównych przyczyn zgonów. Pomimo rozwoju wielu dziedzin życia, postęp w ich leczeniu nastąpił faktycznie w ciągu ostatnich stu siedemdziesięciu lat. Niemniej jednak problem zakażeń ran operacyjnych jest nadal aktualny pomimo szerokiego zastosowania działań profilaktycznych. Uważa się, że ilość tego rodzaju zakażeń jest jednym z najistotniej-szych wyznaczników rozwoju medycyny. Autorzy założyli, że zastosowanie jednorazowego retraktora ran Alexis zmniejszy ilość zakażeń ran operacyjnych, w szczególności u chorych wysokiego ryzyka. Materiał i metoda. W celu rozwiązania problemu badawczego zastosowano metodę badań reprezentacyjnych, a jako narzędzie badawcze posłużył arkusz analizy dokumentów. Autorzy przyjęli, że badanie będzie wiarygodne, gdy ryzyko zakażenia rany operacyjnej będzie odpowiednio duże. Chorzy, spełniający założone kryteria, zostali zakwalifikowani do dwóch losowo z kompletowanych grup. Obie grupy liczyły po 15 osób, przy czym wiek grupy badanej wahał się pomiędzy 54-83 lat, zaś grupy kontrolnej 57-86 lat. W grupie badanej stosowano retraktor, w grupie kontrolnej nie. Rana operacyjna była oceniana w trakcie hospitalizacji pacjenta codziennie, a po wy-pisaniu z oddziału okresowo do 30-ego dnia po operacji. W przypadku pojawienia się infekcji w ranie, została ona potwierdzona bada-niem mikrobiologicznym. Wyniki i wnioski. W oparciu o analizę wyników badań można stwierdzić, że u chorych z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka zastosowanie retraktora ran operacyjnych Alexis zmniejsza prawdopodobieństwo zakażenia rany operacyjnej, a skuteczna mechaniczna protekcja rany operacyjnej powinna stać się stałym elementem działań profilaktycznych zmierzających do ograniczenia ilości zakażeń ran operacyjny.Introduction. The infections of surgical wounds have been very much around since the beginnings of mankind. For ages they have been one of the predominant causes of death. Despite the fact that many aspects of life have undergone rapid developments, the progress in surgical wound treatment emerged during the last 170 years. Nevertheless, the problem of surgical wound infection is still a threat even despite many preventive actions. It is widely acknowledged that the number of those infections is one of the most crucial indicator of the development of medicine. The author has assumed that the use of a disposable Alexis wound retractor is going to decrease the number of surgical infections, especially among high-risk patients. The material and the method. In order to solve the research problem, the sampling procedure method was used. The research instrument was document analysis worksheet. The authors assumed that the re-search would be more credible if the risk of surgical wound infection is high enough. The patients who met the criteria were divided randomly into two groups. Both groups had 15 people; their ages varied from 54 to 83 in the sample group and from 57 to 86 in the control group. The retractor was used in the sample group and not in the control group. The surgical wounds were assessed each day while the patient stayed at the hospital, and after that periodically until 30 days after the operation. If the wound started showing indications of an infection, a microbiological test was run to confirm it. The results and conclusions. Judging by the analysis of the research results, one can conclude that the use of an Alexis surgical wound retractor on high-risk patients decreases the probability of a wound infection and the effective mechanical protection of surgical wounds should become a constant element of preventive actions aimed at limiting the number of surgical wound infections
