1,721,055 research outputs found
Persistent avoidance of virtual food in anorexia nervosa-restrictive type: Results from motion tracking in a virtual stopping task
Full text linkObjectiveFood avoidance is central to patients with anorexia nervosa-restrictive type (AN-R). Competing accounts in experimental psychopathology research suggest that food avoidance may result from automatic, habitual responses or from elevated inhibitory control abilities. This study investigated behavioral trajectories of food avoidance in a novel virtual reality stopping task.MethodSixty patients with AN-R and 29 healthy controls with normal weight were investigated using a novel, kinematic task in virtual reality. We recorded spatial displacement in stop- and go-trials to virtual food and control objects. Inhibitory control abilities were operationalized by the VR task in stopping performance (i.e., interrupted movement in stop-trials), whereas we also measured habitual avoidance of virtual food across both go- and stop-trials (i.e., delayed movement relative to nonfood objects).ResultsIn patients with AN-R, hand displacements were shorter to food versus nonfood across stop- and go-trials, reflected in a Stimulus x Group interaction. Healthy controls showed no differences. Importantly, the food-specific effect in AN-R was identical across stop- and go-trials, indicating habitual food avoidance. Moreover, stop error rates (i.e., stop-trials with response) were lower in patients with AN-R.DiscussionThe findings suggest food-specific habitual avoidance and heightened generalized inhibitory control in AN-R. The continuously delayed displacements during active hand movements across stop- and go-trials indicated the persistence of patients' avoidance of food.Public SignificanceExperimental research investigates the mechanisms underlying mental disorders such as anorexia nervosa. In this study, we measured interrupted hand movements in response to food pictures or neutral pictures (shoes) in patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. A virtual reality scenario was used. Findings indicated that patients were slower at approaching food, interrupted or not. Key mechanisms of food avoidance can be translated into habit-based treatment options in future research
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Frühe essensbezogene Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse bei der Binge-Eating-Störung
Full text linkPsychotherapeutische Interventionen zur Behandlung der Binge-Eating-Störung (BES) zeigen eine moderate Wirksamkeit. Um eine Verbesserung dieser Interventionen zu erzielen, ist eine genauere Kenntnis der auslösenden und aufrechterhaltenden Mechanismen der Störung notwendig. Prominente und empirisch bestätigte theoretische Modelle wie die Incentive Sensitization Theory (IST) schreiben essensbezogenen Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen eine zentrale Rolle zu. Ereigniskorrelierte Potenziale (EKPs) und Eye-Tracking Maße stellen relativ direkte und zeitlich hochaufgelöste Methoden zur Erfassung von Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen dar.
Im ersten Schritt untersuchte diese Arbeit, ob Personen mit BES tatsächlich eine stärkere Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung hin zu Essen aufweisen als Personen mit Normalgewicht und Personen mit Übergewicht ohne BES. Hierfür wurden EKPs aus dem frühen-mittleren (N2pc) und späten (P300, LPP) zeitlichen Verlauf beim Betrachten von Essensbildern analysiert. Im zweiten Schritt erfolgte der Versuch, die Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung bei Personen mit BES zu reduzieren. Mithilfe eines modifizierten Dot-Probe-Paradigmas (DPP) lernte ein Teil der Gruppe mit BES über vier Sitzungen hinweg, ihre Aufmerksamkeit weg von Essensbildern zu lenken. Ein anderer Teil der Gruppe mit BES, in dem keine Modifikation der Aufmerksamkeit stattfand, diente als Kontrollgruppe. Mithilfe von Eye-Tracking- und Verhaltensmaßen wurde getestet, ob die Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung reduziert werden konnte und welche Auswirkungen sich daraus auf das Essverhalten ergaben. Zentrale elektrophysiologische Ergebnisse der Gruppe mit BES deuten auf eine erhöhte motivierte Aufmerksamkeit auf Essen hin. Diese erhöhte motivierte Aufmerksamkeit reduzierte sich im Zeitfenster der LPP, möglicherweise aufgrund kognitiver Regulationsstrategien. In der aktiven Trainingsbedingung zeigte sich nur für Eye-Tracking Maße eine erfolgreiche Reduktion der Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung. Allerdings erfolgte kein Transfer dieser Aufmerksamkeitsreduktion auf die Ebene des tatsächlichen Essverhaltens.
Zusammengefasst bestätigt diese Arbeit essensbezogene Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen bei der BES. Zugleich verdeutlicht sie die Komplexität des zeitlichen Ablaufs dieser Verzerrungen sowie des Zusammenhangs zwischen Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen und unterliegender Esspathologie
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Inhibitory Spillover Effect and its application to eating behavior
No full textOverweight and obesity are prevalent worldwide and have numerous negative physical, mental and social consequences. Thereby, impaired inhibitory capacity is central for the increase of overweight and obesity in an obesogenic environment which facilitates weight gain. Both classic weight loss programs comprising behavioral or lifestyle changes as well as specific inhibitory control trainings demonstrate only small effects. The inhibitory spillover effect was recently introduced as an approach to increase inhibitory control by the unintentional transfer of activated inhibitory control in an induction task to a simultaneously executed outcome measure. Several findings showed various transmissions of inhibitory capacity, for example from increased bladder pressure to performance in a concurrent Stroop task as classic measure of inhibitory control, or from activated attention control to contemporaneous choices in a self-control scenario. Although feasibility of the inhibitory spillover effect already has been demonstrated, magnitude of the effect and of different induction methods is only known to a limited extent. Furthermore, research about the inhibitory spillover effect in the field of eating behavior is scarce and confined to participants with normal weight. Therefore, the aim of the present dissertation is to evaluate the magnitude of the inhibitory spillover effect and its induction methods as well as the application of the inhibitory spillover effect to influence eating behavior in participants with overweight and obesity. Study 1 aggregates findings of experiments that, intentionally and also unintentionally, comprised the inhibitory spillover effect, revealing effect sizes for the inhibitory spillover effect in general as well as for different induction methods. Experiments in the studies 2 and 3 examined the application of the inhibitory spillover effect through different cognitive induction methods to change concurrent food intake in a bogus taste test or reaction to food stimuli in a stop-signal task in participants with overweight and obesity, compared to participants with normal weight. In both studies, additional neutral conditions were employed. Literature research in study 1 revealed 15 studies incorporating the inhibitory spillover effect. Results showed a small but substantial and robust effect for the inhibitory spillover effect in general as well as small to high effects for physiological, attention, and cognitive induction, while motor induction had no effect. The effort to increase
inhibitory control whilst eating by means of simultaneous thought suppression as cognitive induction of the inhibitory spillover effect in study 2 revealed no interaction between weight group and condition as well as no effect for weight group. However, a significantly heightened food intake was observed in the condition with inhibitory spillover effect compared to the neutral condition, being in opposition to the hypothesis. A rebound effect of the applied thought suppression may be central for this result, highlighting possible side-effects and boundaries of induction methods. Study 3 used a cognitive priming with control-related words to influence either food intake in a simultaneous bogus taste test or reaction to food-stimuli in a concurrent stop-signal task, but revealed no significant differences between conditions or groups after controlling for age differences. In this, an insufficient induction procedure as well as a mismatch between induction procedure and outcome measure may be relevant for the results. The findings of the present dissertation expand theoretical and practical knowledge about the inhibitory spillover effect by a lot through comprehensive meta-analytic findings of already existing data but also with the execution of three sophisticated and well-designed experiments which apply the inhibitory spillover effect in the field of overweight and obesity for the first time. Results of the studies accelerate research about the inhibitory spillover effect and provide valuable new insights concerning possible opportunities and limits of the inhibitory spillover effect as well as further starting points for future research, which are also discussed in this dissertation
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
