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Ikuisuuden harmonia : Jalokivi suunnittelun lähtökohtana
Get PDFJalokivikorun suunnittelun lähtökohtana ovat usein valmiiksi hiotut, standardimuotoiset ja -kokoiset jalokivet. Opinnäytetyössä tätä asetelmaa haluttiin muuttaa, ja suunnitteluprosessia johtivat tekijän itsensä hiomat kivet. Jalokivien hionta haluttiin toteuttaa intuitiivisesti ja kiven omia ominaisuuksia kunnioittaen, jotta lopputulos säilyi esteettisesti kiinnostavana.
Tuotteiksi valmistettiin perinteisin kultasepänmenetelmin pieni uniikkien sormusten sarja. Korujen suunnittelu tapahtui valmistusprosessin yhteydessä esimerkiksi testaamalla erilaisia vaihtoehtoja käytännössä. Suunnittelutyön yhteisiksi lähtökohdiksi nousivat korun käytettävyys, kauneus ja tuoreus muotoilussa. Kirjallisessa osiossa syvennytään jalokivien ominaisuuksiin ja hiontaan käytännöntasolla.The starting point of jewelry design is often gemstones that have already been cut to standard sizes and shapes. In this thesis this setting was expected to change and the gemstones that were cut by the author were the cornerstone of the design process. Cutting of the gemstones was wanted to be intuitive and to respect the properties of the gemstones so that the end result remained aesthetically interesting.
Small set of unique rings were made using only traditional method of gold smithing. The designing of jewelry took place during the manufacturing process, for example testing different options in practice. The mutual starting points of design work were jewel’s usability, beauty and freshness in design. In the theoretical section the proper- ties and cutting of gemstones in practice were discussed in detail
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Change in The Amount of Equity in Credit Institutions Under Basel II Regulation
No full textLuottolaitosten pääoman valvonta on tärkeä osa talouden tasapainon säilyttämisessä. Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan miten luottolaitosten pääoman sääntelyn Basel II:n säännönmuutokset vuonna 2007 ovat vaikuttaneet luottolaitosten oman pääoman määrään. Muuttuneiden säännösten vaikutuksia selvitetään tutkimalla eurooppalaisten luottolaitosten omavaraisuusasteita ajalla 1999 – 2009 yleistetyllä lineaarisella regressiolla ja autoregressiivisellä aikasarjamallinnuksella. Talouden suhdanteiden ja vuonna 2007 alkaneen finanssikriisin vaikutukset pääoman määrään huomioidaan bruttokansantuotteen kasvun avulla analyysissa. Tuloksena todetaan, että oman pääoman määrä luottolaitoksissa on vähentynyt merkitsevästi Basel II:n voimaan astumisen jälkeen, mutta muutos on luultavasti aiheutunut talouden laskusuhdanteesta.The regulation of credit institutions is an important part of maintaining the stability of economy. In this dissertation research is done on how the change in Basel regulation in 2007 has affected on the amount of equity held by credit institutions. Generalized linear model and autoregressive time series analysis are used to depict the change in solvency ratios of European credit institutions during 1999 – 2009. Gross domestic product is used in the analysis to estimate for the effects of economical cycle and the financial crisis begun in 2007 on solvency ratios. The analysis results that the amount of equity has lowered in credit institutions after Basel II came into force, but most likely on the impact of economical downturn
P-glycoprotein characteristics and investigation of P-glycoprotein mediated drug-drug interactions with in vitro methods
No full textP-glycoprotein is an ATP-dependent efflux protein expressed in many tissues which participate in absorption, distribution and elimination of drug molecules. It can mediate clinically significant drug-drug interactions. Characteristics of P-gp have been studied widely and crystal structure of mouse P-gp has been successfully determined. P-gp binds its substrates either directly from cell membrane or from cytosol and it has at least three separate binding sites. P-gp has wide selection of substrates from many therapeutical groups. According to the latest computational models, a typical P-gp substrate can be defined with the help of molecule structural factors rather than physicochemical properties. However function of P-gp is very complex which is why drug-drug interactions should be studied for each drug pair separately. In addition expression of P-gp is regulated by nuclear receptors PXR and CAR thus P-gp induction is separate, which also complicates P-gp mediated interactions.
P-gp substrates celiprolol, talinolol, aliskiren and fexofenadine have in vivo interactions with P-gp inhibitors or inducers. The objective the experimental work was to study suitability of two in vitro methods, MDCKII-cell permeability assay and MDR1-vesicle transport assay, for predicting in vivo effect of drug-drug interaction. ATP-dependent transport of substrates was determined in membrane vesicles extracted from human P-gp expressing Sf9 cells. Cell assay was used to determine efflux ratio (ER) for all the substrates alone and efflux ratio with P-gp inhibitor itraconazole for the substrates which have reported in vivo interaction with itraconazole.
All compounds showed ATP dependent transport in MDR1-vesicles and celiprolol, talinolol and fexofenadine showed ER over 1 in MDCKII-MDR1 cells thus according to vesicle assay and ER-value they are P-gp substrates. However ER of talinolol and fexofenadine was not affected by inhibitor itraconazole, thus the drugs did not fulfil the inhibition criteria of FDA for P-gp substrates. The performing of interaction test was possible failed due lack of pre-incubation of the cells with the inhibitor.
Talinolol had the highest ER in thus according to cell experiments talinolol has P-gp dependent transport. Aliskiren ER was not obtained because of the low recovery of the drug but it had clear ATP-dependent transport in the vesicle assay as was expected according to in vivo results. According to in vitro results and in vivo studies celiprolol is a poor P-gp substrate whereas fexofenadine showed P-gp mediated transport both in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that significance of drug interaction is difficult to predict with the vesicle and the cell assay but they can be used to recognize P-gp substrates.P-glykoproteiini on ATP:sta riippuvainen efluksi-kuljetinproteiini joka ilmentyy useissa lääkkeen imeytymiseen, jakautumiseen ja eliminaatioon osallistuvissa kudoksissa ja voi siten aiheuttaa kliinisesti merkittäviä yhteisvaikutuksia. P-gp:n ominaisuuksia on tutkittu paljon ja mm hiiren P-gp:n kiderakenne on selvitetty. P-gp sitoo substraatit joko suoraan solumebraanista tai sytosolista ja sillä on vähintään kolme sitoutumispaikkaa. P-gp:llä on paljon substraatteja monista terapiaryhmistä. Viimeisten tutkimusten mukaan molekyylin rakenne ennustaa paremmin P-gp sitoutumisen kuinfysikokemialliset ominaisuudet. P-gp toimintamekanismi on kuitenkin monimutkainen ja lääke-lääke yhteisvaikutus pitäisi tutkia jokaiselle lääkeparille erikseen. Lisäksi P-gp:n ilmentymistä säätelevät tumareseptrit PXR ja CAR, mikä lisää P-gp:n yhteisvaikutusten monimutkaisuutta.
P-gp substraateille seliprololille, talinololille, aliskireenille ja feksofenadiinille on raportoitu in vivo yhteisvaikutuksia P-gp inhibiittoreiden tai indusoijien kanssa. Kokeellisen työn tavoitteena oli tutkia kahden in vitro menetelmän, MDCKII-MDR1-solujen ja MDR1 vesikkeleiden soveltuvuutta in vivo vaikutuksen ennustamiseen. Substraattien ATP-riippuvaista kuljetusta tutkittiin P-gp:tä ilmentävistä Sf9-soluista valmistetuissa membraani vesikkeleissä. Solukokeissa määritettiin kuljetussuhde yksikerroksisen solukerroksen yli (efflux ratio, ER) jokaiselle substraatille yksin sekä inhibiittorin, itrakonatsolin kanssa niille substraateille, joille on raportoitu in vivo yhteisvaikutus itrakonatsolin kanssa.
Kaikkilla yhdisteillä todettiin ATP:sta riippuvaista kuljetusta MDR1-vesikkeleissä ja ER-arvo oli suurempi kuin 1, joten ne ovat P-gp substraatteja vesikkelikokeiden ja ER-arvon mukaan. Kuitenkaan inhibiittorin kanssa tutkituilla lääkeaineille talinololilla ja feksofenadiinilla ER-arvo ei muuttunut inhibiittorin vaikutuksesta, joten ne eivät täytä FDA:n inhibitio-kriteeriä P-gp substraatille. Kokeet mahdollisesti epäonnistuivat, koska soluja ei inkuboitu inhibiittorin kanssa ennen koetta.
Talinololilla oli suurin ER-arvo joten solukokeiden perusteella talinololilla on P-gp riippuvaista kuljetusta. Aliskireenin ER-arvoa ei onnistuttu määrittämään sen alhaisen pitoisuuden vuoksi mutta sillä oli selvästi ATP-riippuvaista kuljetusta vesikkelikokeessa, kuten odotettiin in vivo tulosten perusteella. In vitro ja in vivo tulosten mukaan celiprolol on huono P-gp subtraatti kun taas feksofenadiinilla oli P-gp välitteistä kuljetusta sekä in vivo että in vitro. Kokeellisen työn tuloksien mukaan lääke-interaktion merkittävyyden ennustaminen on vaikeaa käytetyillä tutkimusmeneltemillä, mutta niitä voidaan käyttää P-gp subtraattien tunnistamiseen
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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