10 research outputs found
Kentaro Sasaki : Physical education teacher belonged to Kinan-Sakkyou : His joining in Kinan・Sakkyou
No full textKentaro Sasaki, the author of "Taiiku-no-ko" had made many famous P.E.practices as a teacher of junior high school and high school at Kinan district since the end of the World War2.The features of his practices are ; 1) using compositions as educational method, 2) combining with educational guidance, 3) starting from reality of children's bodies and minds, and so on. This study attempts to clarify the process of his joining in Kinan-Sakkyou and the way to use compositions to practices anal- yzing his articles and "Kinan Kyoiku" which were bulletins of Kinan-Sakkyou
Menilik Kedudukan dan Ideologi Kinan di Series Layangan Putus dalam Perspektif Islam
No full textThis article focuses on the web series Layangan Putus that is broadcast on one of the online video channels. The author tries to see the position of the wife in the character Kinan who became the main character in the web series Layangan Putus. By raising the theme of household and the presence of a third person in the household, the web series Layangan Putus became popular in the community. Kinan, who betrayed by Aris with his manipulative demeanor, becomes a central figure who fighting for herself and her family. With regard to research’s aim, this article proposed issues: (1) Does Kinan display the figure of a wife who is filial to the husband in accordance with the Islamic perspective? (2) What is the ideology displayed from this broken Kite web series? This article uses John Fiske's semiotics methods with literature studies and interviews with people around the author who understand the problems in this article. The results showed that Kinan was a loyal wife and devoted to her husband. Kinan is very much trying for a marriage that is sakinah, mawadah, and warohmah. Despite conflicts within her family, Kinan never exposed the matter to others, including his mother. This Kite Break up web series shows the existence of feminism and patriarchal ideologies in storylines and characterizatio
PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PESISIR DALAM PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DI DESA MARGASARI KECAMATAN LABUHAN MARINGGAI LAMPUNG TIMUR
No full textABSTRAK
Masyarakat pesisir yang tinggal didaerah pantai atau tepi laut,
masyarakat pesisir bergantung pada sumber daya laut untuk
kehidupan, seperti perikanan dan perdagangan. Adaptasi terhadap
lingkungan pesisir serta perubahan iklim menjadi faktor penting dalam
keberlanjutan kehidupan mereka. Lingkungan pesisir memiliki
keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi dan menyediakan berbagai
layanan ekosistem yang penting bagi manusia. Namun, masyarakat
pesisir belum terlalu peduli terhadap lingkungan pesisir yang
menyebabkan kerusakan yang terjadi baik di wilayah pesisir maupun
di bawah laut tempat ekosistem biota. Upaya yang dilakukan oleh
Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) Mitra Bentala adalah
melaksanakan pemberdayaan nelayan, dengan memberikan
pengetahuan dan pelatihan melalui kegiatan pelestarian lingkungan
pesisir di desa Margasari. Hal ini didasari oleh rendahnya pengetahuan
dan keterampilan nelayan dalam menerapkan penangkapan dengan
jaring ramah lingkungan, Lembaga Swadaya masyarakat (LSM) Mitra
Bentala hadir sebagai agen perubahan bagi nelayan di desa Margasari.
Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu proses pemberdayaan
masyarakat pesisir dalam melestarian lingkungan pesisir oleh
Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) Mitra Bentala di Desa
Margasari Kecamatan Labuhan Maringgai Lampung Timur. Dengan
tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui proses pemberdayaan
masyarakat pesisir dalam melestarikan lingkungan pesisir oleh
Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) Mitra Bentala di Desa
Margasari Kecamatan Labuhan Maringgai Lampung Timur.
Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan
jenis penelitian yaitu field research dan pendekatan kualitatif serta
sifat penelitian deskriptif. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data pada
penelitiam ini penulis menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yaitu
pengambilan sampel berdasarkan dengan pertimbangan subjektif
peneliti, dasar pertimbangan ditentukan peneliti berdasarkan kriteria
sebagai sampel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses pemberdayaan
masyarakat nelayan melalui program pelestarian lingkungan pesisir
yang dilakukan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) Mitra Bentala
dapat meningkatkan kapasitas nelayan berupa meningkatnya
pengetahuan, kesadaran, keterampilan nelayan dalam menjaga
lingkungan pesisir untuk menjaga keberlanjutan dan kesejahteraan
masayarakat pesisir.
Kata Kunci : Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pesisir, Pelestarian
Lingkungan Pesisir.ABSTRACT
Coastal communities live in coastal or seaside areas, coastal
communities depend on marine resources for life, such as fishing and
trade. Adaptation to the coastal environment and climate change are
important factors in the sustainability of their lives. Coastal
environments have high biodiversity and provide a variety of
important ecosystem services for humans. However, coastal
communities do not really care about the coastal environment which
causes damage to both coastal areas and underwater biota
ecosystems. The efforts made by the Non-Governmental Organization
(NGO) Mitra Bentala are to empower fishermen, by providing
knowledge and training through coastal environmental preservation
activities in Margasari village. This is based on the low level of
knowledge and skills of fishermen in implementing fishing with
environmentally friendly nets. The non-governmental organization
(NGO) Mitra Bentala is present as an agent of change for fishermen
in Margasari village. The formulation of the problem in this research
is the process of empowering coastal communities in preserving the
coastal environment by the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
Mitra Bentala in Margasari Village, Labuhan Maringgai District,
East Lampung. The aim of the research is to determine the process of
empowering coastal communities in preserving the coastal
environment by the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Mitra
Bentala in Margasari Village, Labuhan Maringgai District, East
Lampung.
This research uses qualitative methods with research types,
namely field research and a qualitative approach as well as
descriptive research. As for the data collection technique in this
research, the author used a purposive sampling technique, namely
sampling based on the researcher's subjective considerations, the
basis of consideration was determined by the researcher based on the
criteria for the sample.
The results of this research show that the process of
empowering fishing communities through the coastal environment conservation program carried out by the Non-Governmental
Organization (NGO) Mitra Bentala can increase the capacity of
fishermen in the form of increased knowledge, awareness and skills of
fishermen in protecting the coastal environment to maintain the
sustainability and welfare of coastal communities.
Keywords: Empowerment of Coastal Communities, Preservation of
the Coastal Environment
改革開放以降の中国高等教育における大陸外中国人の中国観の変化 : 東南沿海部二大学学生のキャンパスライフに焦点を当てて
No full textThe purpose of this study is to exam how Campus life make a influence on non-manliand students’ (Hong Kong, Macau, Huaqiao students) perception of china. A modified framework of college impact theory was used for data analyzing. Data collection was conducted at HuaQiao university and KiNan university in mainland China. The two universities aim to enhancing a sense of belong with China of the target group through various former curriculum and extra-curriculum. By interviewing with 30 nonmainland students, the author found that not only extra activities but also communication with mainland-students and local people contribute to their positive perception to China, especially in ethic cultural and economic sphere. However, negative feeling regarding to cultural and social differences as well as gap of social development also enhanced during their university life. More pro-western context and democratic elements are expected to adopted by universities for enhancing their positive attitude towards China
Muhammed b. İsa b. Mahmud b. Kennan es-Salihi ed-Dimshki, al-m’aani al-mardiyya ’ala Sham’aa al Mud’yye Fi Ilmi al-`Arabiyya
No full textBu çalışma, İmam Suyûtî'nin ""Eş-Şem’atu’l Mudiyeyye"" metni üzerine yazılmış en önemli şerhlerden biri olan ve müellifi İbn Kennân ed-Dimaşki'ye ait ""El-Maani El-Mardiyye"" yazma eserinin tahkik çalışmasını içermektedir. Arap dili ilminde önemli yazma eserlerden biridir. İzahında akıcı bir üslup ve anlaşılır bir metodla gelmiştir. Yazar, burada Kuran ayetlerinden, peygamber hadislerinden ve Arap şiiri gibi Arap dilinin kaynaklarından alıntı yapmıştır. İçinde gramercilerin sözlerinin çoğunu çıkarım ve açıklama yoluyla gözden geçirmiştir. Araştırmamızın amaçlarından bazıları, bu yazma eseri ile Arap ve dil mirasını canlandırmak ve Arapça’ya dil desteği sağlamak için Kur'ân âyetlerini açıklamak, ardından Peygamber Efendimiz'in hadislerini derecelendirip doğru ile zayıfı birbirinden ayırmak, edebiyat kitaplarını inceleyip şiirlerin sahiplerine atfetmek ve özlü sözleri çıkarılıp sahiplerine isnat etmektir. Bu çalışmada ayet, hadis, yazar ve nahivcilerin sözleri de dahil olmak üzere yazma eserin içeriğinin izini sürmede tümevarım yaklaşımını kullandık. Elimizdeki yazma eserin iki nüshasını karşılaştırmak için karşılaştırmalı yaklaşımdan yararlandık. Yazma eserde yer alan bazı gramer meselelerinde bildirilen anlaşmazlıkları tartışmak veya yazarlarından başkasına atfedilen sözlere veya şiirlere yanıt vermek için analitik-eleştirel yaklaşımdan yararlandık. Araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçlar arasında en önemlisi İbn Kennân’ın bazı gramer meselelerinde Suyûtî'yi takip etmiş olmasıdır. Bunlardan bir tanesi Mef’ul-u Mutlak’ı zikretmemesidir. Aynı zamanda İbni Kennân, bir sözü zikrederek o sözün sahiplerini zikretmemektedir. Ayrıca bazı sözleri Peygamber (s.a.v.)'e ait olmadığı halde hadis olarak ona nispet etmektedir. Çoğu zaman İbn Kennân görüşlerini açık bir şekilde belirtmemiştir. Çoğu durumda sözleri ağırlıklandırmadan veya onaylamadan listelemekle yetinmiştir. Elimizde bulunan yazma eseri, dil meselelerini seçmek için değil, daha çok bir görüş kaynağı olarak kabul edilir. Aynı şekilde İbn Kennân tek bir dilbilgisi ekolünü takip etmediği için bazen kûfi terimini, bazen de basra terimini kullanmıştır.This research focuses on the scribing and manuscript editing of ""al-m'aani al-mardiyya 'ala Sham'aa al Mud'yye Fi Ilmi al-'Arabiyya"" by Ibn Kinan Al-Dimashqi, which is one of the most important commentary on ""ala Sham'aa al Mud'yye"" by Imam Al-Suyuti. It is one of the best manuscripts in Arabic grammar, with a fantastic and straightforward explanation style and approach. In it, the author Ibn Kinan cited practically all Arabic language sources, such as Quranic verses, noble prophetic hadiths, and Arabic poetry, and examined most grammarians' sayings by inference and explanation. In this research we aim to revive a part of the Arabic linguistic heritage by bringing this manuscript out to the Library. We will try to cited all the Qur’anic verses, hadiths of the Prophet that were mentioned in it, as well as attributing poetry to its writer and authors, In this study, In this study, we relied on the inductive approach to trace the contents of the manuscript, including verses, hadiths, and sayings of writers and grammarians, then the comparative approach to compare what came in the two versions of manuscripts available to us, and the analytical-critical approach to discuss the contention of some of the grammatical issues contained in the manuscript, or to respond to what was mentioned in it. The study yielded some findings, the most noteworthy of which is that Ibn Kinan followed Al-Suyuti in grammatical usage, and he frequently offers lyrical evidence without assigning it to its writers. He also mentions a phrase and credits it to the Prophet, peace be upon him, even though it is not true. Furthermore, we do not find a clear view of him, but rather, in most situations, he suffices to record the sayings without weighting or approval. As a result, the manuscript is valued as a source of explanation rather than for weighing linguistic concerns. Similarly, Ibn Kinan did not adhere to a single grammatical school of thought; he used the Kufic term at times and the Basrah term at others.
Genetic diversity of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from Aleppo River water samples using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker
No full textWaterborne outbreaks of diseases caused by pathogenic strains of E. coli have been described in many parts of the world. For the past five years in a row, water has been the main source of contamination. Aleppo River is highly polluted by the sewage water that transferred directly without processing. So, we conducted estimate total count of bacteria, the census total coliform group, also detected E. coli and especially serotype E. coli O157:H7 in water samples that were taken from eight villages passed by the river. Our results showed significant differences between the collected samples, the total count of bacteria and total coliforms in the first site (Handarat) for water samples were the lowest, but in the last site (Jezraya) were the highest among all samples. Molecular characterization was done for eight strains of E. coli using the primer (COL-1) and eight strains of E. coli O157:H7 using the primers (OPA-03, OPA-13 OPC-12, OPE-20) in RAPD. After gel documentation, we have got eight different bands from isolated strains of E. coli, and forty-five total bands with thirteen polymorphic bands from E. coli O157:H7, also showed that primer OPA-13 was the best primer for detect E. coli O157:H7. This article also showed that RAPD analysis had a high discriminatory capacity for typing E. coli isolates. Because of its simplicity and rapidity. © 2019 Author(s)
Three-dimensional evaluation of the effects of injectable platelet rich fibrin (i-PRF) on alveolar bone and root length during orthodontic treatment: a randomized split mouth trial
No full textBackground: The role of injectable platelet rich fibrin (i-PRF) in orthodontic treatment has not been investigated with focus on its effect on dental and bony periodontal elements. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of i-PRF in bone preservation and prevention of root resorption. Methods: A randomized split-mouth controlled trial included 21 patients aged 16–28 years (20.85 ± 3.85), who were treated for Class II malocclusion with the extraction of the maxillary first premolars. Right and left sides were randomly allocated to either experimental treated with i-PRF or control sides. After the leveling and alignment phase, the canines were retracted with 150gm forces. The i-PRF was prepared from the blood of each patient following a precise protocol, then injected immediately before canine retraction on the buccal and palatal aspects of the extraction sites. Localized maxillary cone beam computed tomography scans were taken before and after canine retraction to measure alveolar bone height and thickness and canine root length (indicative of root resorption), and the presence of dehiscence and fenestration. Paired sample t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to compare the changes between groups. Results: No statistically significant differences in bone height, bone thickness were found between sides and between pre- and post-retraction period. However, root length was reduced post retraction but did not differ between sides. In both groups, postoperative dehiscence was observed buccally and palatally and fenestrations were recorded on only the buccal aspect. Conclusions: I-PRF did not affect bone quality during canine retraction or prevent canine root resorption. I-PRF did not reduce the prevalence of dehiscence and fenestration. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier number: NCT 03399760. 16/01/2018). © 2021, The Author(s)
Up-regulation of urinary-type plasminogen activator correlates with high-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma with BRAF(V600E) mutation and its possible molecular mechanism
No full textThe aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression and clinicopathological features in papillary thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and to determine the signal transduction of PTC cells in vitro. PTC tissues from 42 patients were analyzed for the expression of uPA and the BRAF(V600E) mutation. BCPAP, a PTC cell line harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation, was used to study MAPK signaling. PCR and direct sequencing were applied to analyze BRAF(V600E) mutation status. uPA mRNA expression was measured using a quantitative RT-PCR method, and uPA protein was localized using an immunohistochemical method. The ERK protein status was detected by Western blot analysis. uPA gene expression was significantly increased in PTC tissues as compared to the corresponding non-tumor tissues. Furthermore, the up-regulation of uPA mRNAs was correlated with high-risk clinicopathological features, including extrathyroid invasion, loss of cellular polarity/cohesiveness, and the BRAF(V600E) mutation. Marked dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 and down-regulation of uPA expression were detected when BCPAP was treated with a MEK inhibitor, U0126. MEK inhibitors might be a potential treatment strategy for aggressive PTC with BRAF(V600E) through inhibition of uPA expression. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.PathologySCI(E)[email protected]
Synopsis of the biological data on the leatherback sea turtle (dermochelys coriacea) Biological Technical Publication BTP-R4015-2012
No full textbiological-data-Leatherback-Sea-Turtle-Final.pdfSynopsis of the
Biological Data on the
Leatherback Sea Turtle
(Dermochelys coriacea)
Biological Technical Publication
BTP-R4015-2012
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Guillaume Feuillet
Synopsis of the
Biological Data on the
Leatherback Sea Turtle
(Dermochelys coriacea)
Biological Technical Publication
BTP-R4015-2012
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Karen L. Eckert 1
Bryan P. Wallace 2
John G. Frazier 3
Scott A. Eckert 4
Peter C.H. Pritchard 5
1 Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network, Ballwin, MO
2 Conservation International, Arlington, VA
3 Smithsonian Institution, Front Royal, VA
4 Principia College, Elsah, IL
5 Chelonian Research Institute, Oviedo, FL
iv Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Leatherback Sea Turtle
Author Contact Information:
Karen L. Eckert, Ph.D.
Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network
(WIDECAST)
1348 Rusticview Drive
Ballwin, Missouri 63011
Phone: (314) 954-8571
E-mail: [email protected]
Bryan P. Wallace, Ph.D.
Sea Turtle Flagship Program
Conservation International
2011 Crystal Drive
Suite 500
Arlington, Virginia 22202
Phone: (703) 341-2663
E-mail: [email protected]
John (Jack) G. Frazier, Ph.D.
Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
1500 Remount Road
Front Royal, Virginia 22630
Phone: (540) 635-6564
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Scott A. Eckert, Ph.D.
Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network
(WIDECAST)
Department of Biology and Natural Resources
Principia College
Elsah, Illinois 62028
Phone: (314) 566-6301
E-mail: [email protected]
Peter C.H. Pritchard, Ph.D.
Chelonian Research Institute
401 South Central Avenue
Oviedo, Florida 32765
Phone: (407) 365-6347
E-mail: [email protected]
Editor:
Sandra L. MacPherson
National Sea Turtle Coordinator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
7915 Baymeadows Way, Ste 200
Jacksonville, Florida 32256
Phone: (904) 731-3336
E-mail: [email protected]
Recommended citation:
Eckert, K.L., B.P. Wallace, J.G. Frazier, S.A. Eckert,
and P.C.H. Pritchard. 2012. Synopsis of the biological
data on the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
coriacea). U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and
Wildlife Service, Biological Technical Publication
BTP-R4015-2012, Washington, D.C.
For additional copies or information, contact:
Sandra L. MacPherson
National Sea Turtle Coordinator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
7915 Baymeadows Way, Ste 200
Jacksonville, Florida 32256
Phone: (904) 731-3336
E-mail: [email protected]
Series Senior Technical Editor:
Stephanie L. Jones
Nongame Migratory Bird Coordinator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6
P.O. Box 25486 DFC
Denver, Colorado 80225
Phone: (303) 236-4409
E-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 2160-9498 Electronic ISSN 2160-9497
Biological Technical Publications online: http://library.fws.gov/BiologicalTechnicalPublications.html
Table of Contents v
Table of Contents
List of Figures � ix
List of Tables � x
Acknowledgments � xii
Executive Summary ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Chapter 1: Identity � 2
Nomenclature � 2
Valid Name � 2
Synonymy � 2
Type Locality � 3
Taxonomy � 3
Affinities ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
Diagnosis � 4
Taxonomic Status ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
Subspecies � 5
Standard Common Names � 5
Definition of Size Categories � 5
Morphology ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
Description � 6
External Morphology and Coloration �12
Coloration �13
Eggs �13
Internal Morphology �13
Alimentary System �14
Respiratory System �15
Circulatory System �15
Urogenital System �15
Muscular System �16
Cranial Morphology �16
Skull �16
Post-Cranial Skeleton �17
Cytomorphology �18
Biochemistry �19
Karyotype �19
vi Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Leatherback Sea Turtle
Chapter 2: Distribution �21
Total Area �21
Differential Distribution �24
Hatchlings �24
Juveniles and Subadults �24
Adults ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
Determinants of Distributional Changes �25
Hybridization �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
Chapter 3: Bionomics and Life History �26
Reproduction �26
Sexual Dimorphism �26
Age at Maturity �26
Courtship and Mating �27
Nesting Behavior �28
Emergence from the sea onto the nesting beach �28
Overland traverse to and selection of a suitable nest site �29
Excavation of a body pit �30
Excavation of the nest chamber �30
Oviposition �30
Filling the nest �30
Covering and concealing the nest site �30
Returning to the sea �30
Density-dependence �31
Eggs �32
Fertility ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
Reproductive Cycles �35
Embryonic and Hatchling Phases �40
Embryonic Phase �40
Embryonic development �40
Embryo abnormalities ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43
Hatching success and sources of embryonic mortality �43
Temperature dependent sex determination �46
Hatchling Phase �47
Hatching and emergence �47
Offshore swim �51
Imprinting and natal homing �52
Juvenile, Subadult and Adult Phases �53
Longevity �53
Hardiness �53
Competitors �54
Predators �54
Parasites and Commensals �55
Abnormalities and Injuries �58
Nutrition and Metabolism �59
Food �59
Feeding �63
Growth �65
Table of Contents vii
Scales �66
Platelets �66
Plastron and extremities �66
Pigmentation �66
Secondary characters �66
Growth rate �66
Metabolism �67
Thermoregulation �70
Osmoregulation �71
Behavior �71
Migrations and Local Movements �71
Satellite telemetry �73
Inter-nesting behavior �76
Navigation and Orientation �76
Diving �79
Schooling �81
Communication �81
Sensory Biology �82
Vision �82
Olfaction �82
Hearing �83
Chapter 4: Population �84
Population Structure �84
Sex Ratio �84
Age Composition �84
Size Composition �84
Phylogeography �85
Abundance and Density �85
Average Abundance and Density �85
Changes in Abundance and Density �86
Natality and Recruitment �87
Reproductive Rates �87
Factors Affecting Reproduction �88
Recruitment �88
Mortality �88
Mortality Rates �88
Factors Causing or Affecting Mortality �88
Direct take �88
Incidental capture �90
Longline fisheries �91
Gillnets and driftnets �92
Pot fisheries �92
Trawl fisheries �93
Regional summaries and general notes �93
International trade ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������94
Marine debris and pollution �94
Other �95
Population Dynamics �96
viii Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Leatherback Sea Turtle
Chapter 5: Protection and Management �97
Conservation Status �97
Legal Status �97
Regulatory Measures �98
Management Strategies ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99
Gaps and Recommendations � 100
Chapter 6: Mariculture �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104
Facility Considerations � 104
Food and Feeding � 105
Literature Cited � 107
Appendix A � 151
Life stages of the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (photographers in parentheses).
Appendix B � 154
Leatherback sea turtle cranial skeleton: skull dorsal, ventral views. Source: Wyneken (2001:23, 24).
Appendix C � 156
Leatherback sea turtle post-cranial skeleton. Sources: Fretey (1981:21) adapted from Deraniyagala
(1939), and Pritchard & Trebbau (1984:254) with carapace bones (D) adapted from Remane (1936)
and the plastral view of the shell with elimination of remnants of mosaic bones (E) adapted from
Deraniyagala (1939).
Appendix D � 160
Nesting sequence of the leatherback sea turtle. Approach from the sea (Kimberly Maison), site
preparation (“body-pitting”) and nest chamber excavation (Scott A. Eckert), egg-laying (Alicia Marin),
and nesting covering (with measuring) and return to the sea (Carol Guy Stapleton).
List of Figures ix
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global distribution of the leatherback sea turtle, including northern and southern oceanic
range boundaries and sites representative of the species’ current nesting range. Extreme northern
and southern records (see Table 6 for coordinates) may not represent persistent nesting grounds, but
represent known geographic boundaries for successful reproduction. Map created by Brendan Hurley
(Conservation International). �22
Figure 2. Generalized leatherback sea turtle life cycle. Source: Chaloupka et al. (2004:150). ��������������������23
x Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Leatherback Sea Turtle
List of Tables
Table 1. The size (curved carapace length, CCL—except Puerto Rico (Culebra) and French Guiana
(Ya:lima:po) presented as straight carapace length/width, SCL/SCW) of adult female leatherback sea
turtles at their nesting grounds. Table is not comprehensive; locations were selected for geographic
representation. � 7
Table 2. The mass of juvenile and adult (primarily gravid female) leatherback sea turtles. Gender (F, M)
not reported for juveniles (Juv). Table is not comprehensive; locations were selected for geographic
representation. � 8
Table 3. Reported average yolked egg diameters (mm) and egg masses (g) for leatherback sea turtles.
Number of clutches tallied appears in brackets, with number of eggs measured in parentheses. ± 1 SD
is noted. � 9
Table 4. Straight carapace length and width (mm), and body mass (g) of leatherback sea turtle
hatchlings. Data shown are means ± standard deviations (or ranges), with sample sizes (number of
hatchlings measured) in parentheses. An asterisk (*) indicates that hatchlings were 3-5 days old at the
time of measurement; (**) indicates total length. �10
Table 5. Leatherback sea turtle morphology from two specimens captured at sea. SCL (SCW) =
Straight carapace length (width); CCL (CCW) = Curved carapace length (width). �11
Table 6. Published records that define the known northern and southern geographic range for
successful egg-laying by leatherback sea turtles. �21
Table 7. Indirect estimates of age at maturity for leatherback sea turtles. �27
Table 8. Nesting behavior in leatherback sea turtles. Durations for stages (min) for the Atlantic
coast of Costa Rica were recorded during a single nesting at Matina in 1958 (Carr and Ogren 1959).
Mean durations in minutes (± 1 SD) for St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands represent a composite of 113
nestings at Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge in 1985 (Eckert and Eckert 1985). Mean durations in
minutes (± 1 SE) for Playa Grande, Costa Rica, were collected over 11 nesting seasons (sample size in
parentheses). * denotes values given for crawling while both emerging from and returning to the sea. �29
Table 9. Clutch size (yolked eggs only) and average number of yolkless eggs per clutch for leatherback
sea turtles. Where available, sample size (number of clutches tallied) appears in parentheses and ± 1
SD is noted. �33
Table 10. Occurrence and duration of nesting seasons for leatherback sea turtles by geographic region. �36
Table 11. Internesting periods for leatherback sea turtles, defined as the number of days between
consecutive successful egg-laying events within a nesting season. Range of values and number of
intervals (n) are also given. �37
Table 12. Clutch frequency (number of clutches per season) in leatherback sea turtles. Observed Clutch
Frequency is the number of confirmed successful egg-laying events. Estimated Clutch Frequency is
calculated by dividing the number of days between the dates of the first and last observed nesting
by the internesting period (cf. Frazer and Richardson 1985). Total Clutch Frequency is an estimate
that attempts to take into account egg-laying events before and after the first and last observations,
respectively (cf. Rivalan). Sample size (=number of clutches, but see Santidrián Tomillo et al. 2009) in
parentheses; asterisk (*) indicates a range of mean annual values. �39
List of Tables xi
Table 13. Remigration intervals for leatherback sea turtles, defined as the number of years between
consecutive nesting seasons. In parentheses is the proportion (%) of the nesting cohort exhibiting the
remigration interval, or the number (n) of intervals examined. �40
Table 14. Descriptions of the anatomy of embryonic and hatchling leatherback sea turtles.
Source: Miller (1985). �41
Table 15. Post-ovipositional embryonic statges in leatherback sea turtles. Source: Deraniyagala (1939). �41
Table 16. Pre-ovipositional embryonic stages, defined as the intra-oviducal period and development
prior to the formation of 24 pairs of somites, in the leatherback sea turtles. Source: Miller (1985). �42
Table 17. Incubation duration and hatching success for leatherback sea turtles. Hatching success is
generally calculated as the number of hatched eggs (or hatchlings) divided by the number of eggs in
a clutch. Emergence success is calculated as the number of hatchlings that emerge from the nest to
the beach surface, divided by the number of eggs in a clutch. Nest location refers to whether clutches
developed in situ, in a hatchery, in Styrofoam® incubators, or were relocated to another location on the
beach. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Sample sizes (number of clutches) in parentheses; asterisk (*)
indicates a range of annual means. �44
Table 18. Predators of leatherback sea turtles. Taxonomic detail reflects that given in the source
reference. Life stage affected: E = egg; H = hatchling; J = juvenile; A = adult. �48
Table 19. Parasites and commensals of leatherback sea turtles. Taxonomic detail reflects that given in
the source reference. �56
Table 20. Prey items, targeted and incidental, of wild leatherback sea turtles, as determined by gut
content analysis or by direct observation. Taxonomic detail reflects that given in the source reference.
Life Stage (Stage): H = hatchling; J = juvenile; A = adult; [blank] = unknown or unreported.
Cnidarians are reported in early references as ‘coelenterates.’ �60
Table 21. Summary of reported metabolic rates (MR) for leatherback sea turtles. Activity levels:
Resting = fed (unless noted as fasted), quiescent turtles; Active = continuous non-maximal activity
(e.g., swimming, crawling); Max = sustained maximal metabolic rate; Field = at-sea field metabolic
rates (FMR, incl. all normal daily activity); Laying = during oviposition; Calculated = MR derived
from models based on activity, behavior and environmental factors. Mass values are mean ± SD, unless
otherwise noted. Source: adapted from Wallace and Jones (2008). �68
Table 22. Summary of leatherback sea turtle dive and movement parameters during post-nesting
migrations and while on putative foraging grounds. Max Duration = Maximum Duration; Max
Distance = Maximum Distance traveled during the tracking period. �74
Table 23. Summary of leatherback sea turtle movement parameters recorded during internesting
periods. Data shown are means ± SD, sample sizes in parentheses. Max Depth = Maximum Depth;
Max Duration = Maximum Duration; Total Distance = Total Distance traveled during the internesting
period. �77
Table 24. Diet, maximum longevity, and cause of death of leatherback sea turtles reared in captivity.
With the exception of the juvenile stranded in Puerto Rico, all specimens were obtained as eggs or
hatchlings. � 106
xii Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Leatherback Sea Turtle
The authors are very grateful to the following
colleagues, each of whom reviewed at least one
chapter of text and made important contributions to
the final draft: Larisa Avens, Ana Rebeca Barragán,
Rhema Kerr-Bjorkland, Paolo Casale, Claudia
Ceballos, Milani Chaloupka, Benoit de Thoisy, Peter
H. Dutton, Chan Eng-Heng, Allen M. Foley, Marc
Girondot, Matthew H. Godfrey, Brendan J. Godley,
Hedelvy J. Guada, Craig A. Harms, Graeme C.
Hays, George R. Hughes, Douglas Hykle, T. Todd
Jones, Irene Kinan Kelly, Jeff Kinch, Rebecca
L. Lewison, Suzanne R. Livingstone, Peter A.
Meylan, Jeffrey D. Miller, Richard D. Reina, Pilar
Santidrián-Tomillo, Christopher R. Sasso, George L.
Shillinger, Amanda L. Southwood, James R. Spotila,
Manjula Tiwari, and Anton (Tony) D. Tucker.
The authors are particularly indebted to Sandra L.
MacPherson (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) and Dr.
Kelly R. Stewart (NOAA National Marine Fisheries
Service) for their full and careful review of the
entire manuscript.
A first draft of this Synopsis was prepared by Peter
C.H. Pritchard for presentation at the Western
Atlantic Turtle Symposium (WATS II) in Mayagüez,
Puerto Rico (October 1987), but never published.
We would like to recognize colleagues who reviewed
and made important contributions to several earlier
versions of the Synopsis over the course of many
years: Sneed B. Collard, Jacques Fretey, Sally
R. Hopkins-Murphy, Michael C. James, John A.
Keinath, Robert Lockhart, Molly E. Lutcavage,
Peter L. Lutz, Nicholas Mrosovsky, John (Jack) A.
Musick, Larry Ogren, David W. Owens, Frank V.
Paladino, Henri A. Reichart, Anders G.J. Rhodin,
Ricardo Sagarminaga, A. Laura Sarti M., Barbara
A. Schroeder, Sally E. Solomon, Malcolm Stark,
Jeanette Wyneken, and Rainer Zangerl. In all,
more than 50 researchers have given of their time,
expertise, and sometimes unpublished data to
ensure that the Synopsis is as complete as possible.
Thank you all!
The Synopsis is current with peer-reviewed
literature published to early-2009, at which time
the draft went through two rounds of international
peer-review and was queued into the Biological
Technical Publication series of the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service. The Synopsis is a product
of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Purchase Order
No. 20181-0-0169, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Grant Agreement No. 401814G050.
Acknowledgments
Executive Summary 1
The leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea;
leatherback) is the largest and most migratory
of the world’s turtles, with the most extensive
geographic range of any living reptile. Reliable
at-sea sightings extend from ~ 71° N to 47° S.
This highly specialized turtle is the only living
member of the family Dermochelyidae. It exhibits
reduced external keratinous structures: scales are
temporary, disappearing within the first few months
and leaving the entire body covered by smooth
black skin. Dorsal keels streamline a tapered form.
The size of reproductively active females varies
geographically (~ 140–160 cm curved carapace
length, ~ 250–500 kg); a record male weighed 916
kg. Clutch size also varies geographically (~ 60–100
viable eggs), incubation is typically 60 days (during
which time gender is heavily influenced by ambient
temperature), in situ hatch success generally ranges
from 45–65%, and hatchlings (~55–60 mm carapace
length) are primarily black with longitudinal white
stripes dorsally.
The species has a shallow genealogy and strong
population structure worldwide, supporting a
natal homing hypothesis. Gravid females arrive
seasonally at preferred nesting grounds in tropical
and subtropical latitudes, with the largest colonies
concentrated in the southern Caribbean region
and central West Africa. Non-breeding adults and
sub-adults journey into temperate and subarctic
zones seeking oceanic jellyfish and other soft-bodied
invertebrates. Long-distance movements are not
random in timing or location, with turtles potentially
possessing an innate awareness of profitable
foraging opportunities. The basis for high seas
orientation and navigation is poorly understood.
Little is known about the biology or distribution of
neonates or juveniles, with individuals smaller than
100 cm in carapace length appearing to be confined
to waters > 26°C. Distribution of both juveniles
and adults most likely reflects the distribution and
abundance of macroplanktonic prey. Age at maturity
is debated and not conclusively known, but recent
estimates (26–32 yr) are similar to that of some other
sea turtle genera.
Studies of metabolic rate demonstrate marked
differences between leatherbacks and other sea
turtles: the “marathon” strategy of leatherbacks is
characterized by relatively lower sustained active
metabolic rates. Metabolic rates during terrestrial
activities are well-studied compared with metabolic
rates associated with activity at sea. One diel
behavior pattern involves deep diving (> 1200 m).
The species faces two major thermoregulatory
challenges: maintaining a high core temperature in
cold waters of high latitudes and/or great depths,
and avoiding overheating in some waters and
latitudes, especially while on land during nesting.
Biophysical models demonstrate that leatherbacks
are able to thermoregulate in varied environments
by combining large body size with low metabolic
rates, blood flow adjustments (e.g., counter-current
heat exchangers in their flippers), and peripheral
insulation (6–7 cm); a suite of adaptations sometimes
referred to as ‘gigantothermy,’ distinct from strict
ectothermy and endothermy. The primary means
of physiological osmoregulation are the lachrymal
glands, which eliminate excess salt from the body.
The leatherback was re-classified in 2000 by the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species as Critically
Endangered. It remains vulnerable to a wide range
of threats, including bycatch, ingestion of and
entanglement in marine debris, take of turtles and
eggs, and loss of nesting habitat to coastal processes
and beachfront development. There is no evidence
of significant current declines at the largest of the
Western Atla
