104,627 research outputs found
Schistura madhavai Sudasinghe 2017, sp. nov.
No full textSchistura madhavai, sp. nov. (Figures 1, 2) Holotype: 2017.02.01.NH, 49.7 mm SL; Sri Lanka, Walawe River basin, Suriyakanda, 6°27'02"N 80°37'01"E, 1000 m asl. H. Sudasinghe. Nov 2015. Paratypes: 2017.03.01.NH, 55.3 mm SL, same data as holotype. 2017.03.02.NH, 45.8 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Walawe River basin, Suriyakanda, 6°27'02"N 80°37'01"E, 1000 m asl. H. Sudasinghe. Jul 2016. DZ 3418C, 51.2 mm SL, same data as holotype. DZ 3458 (3), 34.8–44.2 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Walawe River basin, Suriyakanda, 6°27'02"N 80°37'01"E, 1000 m asl. H. Sudasinghe, Jul 2016. Diagnosis. Schistura madhavai is distinguished from all peninsular-Indian and Sri Lankan congeners by the combination of the following characters: 8–9 wide post-dorsal bars separated by narrow, white interspaces ¼–⅓ the width of the bars; the black bar at the base of the caudal fin arched, its posterior margin vaguely indented at bases of branched caudal-fin rays 3 and 14, wider than the interspaces on the body; an emarginate caudal fin with 8+8 branched rays; an incomplete lateral line ending beneath the dorsal-fin base; the absence of an axillary pelvic lobe; the adpressed pelvic fin just reaching the anus; the dorsal fin with 7½ branched rays; the origin of the pelvic fin on a vertical through the last unbranched dorsal fin ray; and the absence of a suborbital flap in males. Description. General appearance as in Figures 1, 2 and 5; morphological data provided in Table 2. A mediumsized Schistura, up to 55.3 mm SL. Body deep, slightly compressed anteriorly, moderately compressed posteriorly. Maximum body depth between origin of dorsal fin and distal margin of adpressed pectoral fin. Body depth almost constant from origin of dorsal fin to base of caudal fin. Head slightly depressed. Dorsal head length and lateral head length greater than head width. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view. Eyes small, located dorsolaterally, not visible ventrally. Depth of caudal peduncle 0.8–0.9 times its length. Caudal peduncle with small dorsal adipose crest originating just anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin, reaching caudal-fin origin. Ventral adipose crest originating posterior to base of anal fin, reaching caudal-fin base. No axillary pelvic lobe. Dorsal fin with its origin at or slightly anterior to vertical through origin of pelvic fin, with four simple and 7½ (7) branched rays. Tip of adpressed dorsal fin ending just before vertical through origin of anal fin. Anal fin with three simple and 5½ (7) branched rays. Anal fin not reaching caudal-fin base. Caudal fin emarginate, with 8+8 (7) branched rays; lobes rounded, of equal length. Pelvic fin with one (7) simple and six (7) branched rays, reaching half-way to anal fin, just reaching anus; origin beneath last unbranched dorsal-fin ray. Pectoral fin with one (7) simple and eight (6) or nine (1) branched rays, reaching slightly beyond half-way to pelvic fins. Distal margins of dorsal, anal and pelvic fins convex. Lateral line incomplete, reaching origin of dorsal fin or slightly beyond, with 27–53 pores. Body entirely scaled except region anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Body scales on sub-dorsal region smaller than those on postdorsal region. Cephalic lateral-line system with 6–7 supraorbital, 4+7–9 infraorbital, 9–10 pre-operculomandibular and 3 supratemporal pores. Mouth, large, inferior, curved. Lips thick; upper lip with slight median incision; lower lip with deep medial interruption. Both lips with furrows along entire length, more pronounced medially (Fig. 3 A). Processus dentiformis present, wide, rounded. Anterior nostril a low flap-like pointed tube, pierced on anterior side (Fig. 4 A). Inner rostral barbel just reaching vertical through nostril; outer rostral barbel ending between verticals through anterior and posterior margins of eye; maxillary barbel extending just beyond vertical through preopercular margin. Suborbital flap absent. No apparent sexual dimorphism. Coloration. In 70% alcohol (Figure 2): large adults (> 45 mm SL) with head and body greyish-brown dorsally, light brown laterally, creamish-white ventrally. Head darker than body. Rostral barbels with greyish-brown pigments; maxillary barbels creamish white. Pre-dorsal bars absent, or present only as 1–2 poorly-contrasted brown bars separated by narrow, lighter interspaces. Post-dorsal bars brown, 8–9, width about equal to 1½ times eye diameter. White interspaces between bars narrow, ¼–⅓ times bar width. Some interspaces bifurcated ventrally, some coalescing along dorsal midline. Post-dorsal bars in some specimens with incomplete interspaces (not extending to dorsal or ventral surfaces: see Fig. 5 A). Black bar at caudal-fin base not reaching dorsal or ventral midline, wider than white interspaces on body, arched, its posterior margin vaguely indented at bases of branched caudal-fin rays 3 and 14. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins hyaline. Holotype with horizontally elongate black blotch about as wide as eye diameter along dorsal-fin base, darker anteriorly, becoming lighter posteriorly. In larger paratypes (2017.03.01.NH and DZ 3418C), black blotch at origin of dorsal fin present, followed by dull yellow mark along fin base and black line above dull-yellow mark on fin. In smaller paratypes (2017.03.02.NH and DZ 3458 A, C, D) black blotch only at origin of dorsal fin, prominent. Dorsal and caudal fin rays with dense aggregations of melanophores along their length. Melanophores distributed medially along interradial membranes of dorsal fin. Patterning of melanophores on dorsal fin more prominent in large specimens than in smaller ones. Distinct black mark on each adipose crest posterior to black bar on caudal fin base. Smaller adults ( 45 mm) with light-brown body. Barbels with light-brown pigmentation. Bars on body wide, brown. Interspaces narrower, light brown. Black bar at caudal base complete, with its posterior margin vaguely indented at bases of branched caudal-fin rays 3 and 14. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins with light-yellow pigmentation on rays. Rays of caudal and dorsal fins yellow. Interradial membrane of dorsal fin with melanophores medially. Prominent black blotch on anterior base of dorsal-fin; yellow stripe along dorsal-fin base, disappearing in preserved specimens. Habitat and distribution. Schistura madhavai is at present known only from its type locality, a small stream about 2 m wide, flowing through sparsely-inhabited tea plantations in Suriyakanda in the Walawe River basin, at an elevation of about 1000 m above sea level (Figure 6). The substrate consists of pebbles and gravel. Schistura madhavai prefers the faster-flowing regions of the stream. It shares its habitat also with the cyprinids Devario malabaricus (Jerdon), Puntius titteya (Deraniyagala), Pethia nigrofasciata (Günther), Rasbora dandia (Valenciennes), Rasboroides rohani (Batuwita, Silva & Edirisinghe), and the osphronemid Belontia signata (Günther). The guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters; Poecillidae), an exotic species, was also recorded from this locality. I sampled this habitat twice: once during a rainy period in November 2015 and again during a dry period in July 2016. I observed about seven adults in a stretch of ~ 10 m along the sampled length of the stream on the first occasion, and about five adults along the same stretch on my second visit. The stream-flow was very low during the latter visit and the water contained an algal bloom. The stream originates about 1 km upstream of the type locality, in a secondary-forest habitat. It joins an adjacent stream about 80 m downstream of the type locality. It was not possible to sample the adjacent streams and it could well be S. madhavai is found in these as well. Molecular results. The neighbour-joining tree and the uncorrected pairwise distances for the two Sri Lankan species of Schistura are shown in Figure 7 and Table 3, respectively. Schistura madhavai and S. notostigma form a well-supported clade (bootstrap=91) that is sister to the Indian species. The interspecific uncorrected pairwise distance between S. madhavai and S. notostigma is 3.0–3.8%, while that between seven individuals of S. notostigma from two non-contiguous basins (Table 1), was only 0.0–1.3%, lending support to the distinct specific identity of S. madhavai. Etymology. The species name is a patronym honouring the evolutionary biologist Madhava Meegaskumbura, professor of Molecular Biology at University of Peradeniya. Formed as a noun in the genitive case.Published as part of Sudasinghe, Hiranya, 2017, Schistura madhavai, a new species of hill-stream loach from Sri Lanka, with redescription of S. notostigma (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae), pp. 96-110 in Zootaxa 4311 (1) on pages 98-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/84736
Labeo heladiva Sudasinghe & Ranasinghe & Goonatilake & Meegaskumbura 2018, new species
No full text<i>Labeo heladiva,</i> new species <p>(Figures 2–3)</p> <p> <i>Labeo dussumieri</i> (from Sri Lanka, not Valenciennes, 1842): Günther, 1868: 59; Day, 1889: 262; Duncker, 1912: 261; Deraniyagala, 1952: 41; Munro, 1955: 46; Mendis & Fernando, 1962: 117; Senanayake, 1980: 146; Pethiyagoda, 1991:</p> <p>82; Talwar & Jhingran, 1991: 206; Jayaram & Dhas, 2000: 22.</p> <p> <b>Material examined. Holotype</b>: 2018.08.01.NH, 134 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Attanagalu Oya basin: Uruwal Oya, 7°03'09"N 80°03'09"E, 17 m asl. H. Sudasinghe and R.H.T. Ranasinghe. Apr 2017.</p> <p> <i>……continued on the next page ……continued on the next page</i></p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b>: DZ 3821, DZ 3148, DZ 3166, DZ 3168, 7, 108– 122 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Mahaweli River basin, Polonnaruwa: Amban river, 7°51'53"N 80°59'29"E, 54 m asl. H. Sudasinghe. Jun 2015; UPZM uncatalogued, 10, 201– 257 mm SL, Sri Lanka.</p> <p> <b>Other material</b>: Identified but not included in morphometric data. WHT 7904, 70.7 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Kala Oya basin, Eluwankulama; WHT 9258, 21, 73.9–117 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Mahaweli River basin, Polonnaruwa; WHT 30837, 133 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Mahaweli River basin, Seruwila; WHT 30863, 277 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Mahaweli River basin, Wasgamuwa.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Labeo heladiva</i> is distinguished from all Sri Lankan and peninsular-Indian congeners by the combination of the following characters: two pairs of barbels (maxillary and rostral); dorsal fin with 12–13 branched rays; lateral line with 44–51 scales; scales in transverse series ½8–½9+1+6–7; circumpeduncular scales 19–22; eye diameter 18.4–24.4 % HL; in life, 6–7 rows of scales on side of body above and between tip of pectoral fin and origin of anal fin with orange-colored patches, giving the appearance of an orange blotch; upper and lower margins of scales on the side of the body dark-pigmented, forming 9–13 hazy lines.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> For general appearance, see Figure 2; morphometric data are provided in Table 3. Maximum size 277 mm SL. Caudal peduncle short, its depth 73.4–97.1 % its length. Eyes medium-sized (18.4–21.5 % HL in specimens> 200 mm SL, 21.6–24.4 % HL in specimens <200 mm SL), located dorsolaterally, but visible in ventral view.</p> <p>Rostral fold poorly developed, slightly overlapping upper lip. Tubercles conoid, tuberculation prominent on rhinal, rostral, infraorbital fields; minute tuberculation on preorbital field (Figure 3). Upper labial fold with prominent lobed papillae in 4–5 rows; lower labial fold with prominent lobed papillae in 2–3 rows (Fig. 3C). Maxillary barbel embedded in lip fold, tip externally visible. Rostral barbel located on medial margin of rostral flap. Maxillary barbel longer than rostral, just reaching vertical through anterior-most point of nares.</p> <p>Dorsal fin with two simple and 12 (9) or 13 (4) branched rays; first simple ray stiff, about half length of second. Pectoral fin with one simple and 14 (2), 15 (6) or 16 (6) branched rays. Pelvic fin with one simple and eight (14) branched rays. Origin of pelvic fin beneath 4th branched ray of dorsal fin. Anal fin with two simple and five (13) branched rays; first simple ray stiff, less than half length of second simple ray. Caudal fin forked, with 9+9 (2) or 9+8 (9) branched rays in upper and lower lobe, respectively. Upper caudal-fin lobe slightly longer than lower.</p> <p>Lateral line complete, with 44 (2), 45 (6), 46 (6), 47 (8), 48 (8), 49 (6), 50 (4) or 51 (2) + 1–3 scales. Scales in transverse series ½8+1+6 (11), ½8+1+6½ (6), ½8+1+7 (7), ½8+1+7½ (1), 9+1+6 (5), 9+1+6½ (3), 9+1+7 (2), ½9+1+6½ (1) or ½9+1+7 (5). Predorsal scales 19 (1), 20 (4), 21 (11) or 22 (2). Prepelvic scales 30 (1), 32 (1), 33 (1), 34 (2), 35 (2), 36 (1), 37 (3), 38 (3). Circumpeduncular scales 19 (1), 20 (10), 21 (24), 22 (7).</p> <p> <b>Coloration.</b> In 70% alcohol (Fig. 2B): head and body dull greyish brown dorsally, becoming lighter laterally, off-white ventrally. All fins with greyish-black melanophores along rays. Interradial membrane of fins darker than rays. Tubercles white. Black blotch at caudal peduncle about seven scales long, five high. Lateral body with 9–13 hazy black lines, extending from opercular membrane to caudal peduncle (these lines result from the fusion of black pigments on the dorsal and ventral scale margins).</p> <p>In life (Fig. 2A): dorsally silvery grey, becoming lighter laterally. Venter white. Six to seven rows of scales on sides of body above and between distal margin of pectoral fin and origin of anal fin with orange-colored patches, giving the appearance of a vague orange blotch. Black blotch at caudal peduncle, about seven scales long, five scales high. Dorsal, caudal, pectoral fins dull greyish-brown to hyaline. Pelvic and anal fins lighter (or hyaline), with dark pigmentation at their bases. Tubercles whitish. Side of body with 9–13, hazy black lines, extending from opercular membrane to caudal peduncle, along dorsal and ventral margin of scales.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species name, <i>heladiva</i>, is a historical Sinhala name for Sri Lanka; applied as a noun in apposition.</p> <p> <b>Comparative morphometrics.</b> <i>Labeo heladiva</i> is distinguished from <i>L. fisheri</i> by having 44–51 (vs. 37–39: Fig. 4A) lateral line scales; a count of ½8–½9+1+6–7½ (vs. 7–8+1+4½–6: Fig. 4B) scales in transverse series; 19– 22 (vs. 17–20: Fig. 4D) circumpeduncular scales; and 2–3 (vs. 4–5) rows of prominent lobed papillae on the lower labial fold. It differs from the only other species of <i>Labeo</i> native to Sri Lanka, <i>L. lankae</i>, by having a greater lateralline scale count (44–51 vs. 36–39: Fig. 4A); and rows of 2–3 (vs. 4–5) prominent lobed papillae on the lower labial fold.</p> <p> <i>Labeo heladiva</i> can be distinguished from <i>L. rohita</i> (now naturalized in Sri Lanka), by having 44–51 (vs. 38– 40) lateral-line scales and ½8–½9 (vs. ½6–½7) scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line.</p> <p> <i>Labeo heladiva</i> can be distinguished from the South Indian <i>L. dussumieri</i>, its closest congener, by possessing longer rostral barbels (5.5–10.2% HL vs. 4.0–5.1%); 44–51 vs. 50–60 lateral-line scales; 19–22 vs. 22–27 circumpeduncular scales; and 5–6½ vs 6½–7½ scales from the lateral line to the anal-fin origin.</p> <p> Seven other peninsular-Indian species of <i>Labeo</i> are considered to be valid (Eschmeyer <i>et al</i>. 2017): <i>Labeo potail</i> (Sykes), <i>L. porcellus</i> (Heckel), <i>L. boggut</i> (Sykes), <i>L. fimbriatus</i> (Bloch), <i>L. kawrus</i> (Sykes), <i>L. kontius</i> (Jerdon) and <i>L. nigrescens</i> Day. In addition, Jayaram & Dhas (2000) recorded <i>L. boga</i> (Hamilton), <i>L. calbasu</i> (Hamilton), <i>L. dyocheilus</i> (McClelland), <i>L. gonius</i> (Hamilton) and <i>L. pangusia</i> (Hamilton) from peninsular India.</p> <p> <i>Labeo heladiva</i> differs from <i>L. porcellus</i>, <i>L. potail</i>, <i>L. boggut</i>, <i>L. kawrus</i>, <i>L. kontius</i>, <i>L. nigrescens</i>, <i>L. boga</i>, <i>L. gonius</i> and <i>L. pangusia</i> by having 44–51 lateral-line scales (vs. 36–37 in <i>L. porcellus</i>; 39–41 in <i>L. potail</i>; 55–65 in <i>L. boggut</i>; 38 in <i>L. kawrus</i>; 30–42 in <i>L. kontius</i>; 36–37 in <i>L. nigrescens</i>; 37–39 in <i>L. boga</i>; 65–80 in <i>L. gonius</i>; and 40–42 in <i>L. pangusia</i>). <i>Labeo heladiva</i> further differs from <i>L. boggut</i>, <i>L. kawrus</i>, <i>L. boga</i>, <i>L. dyocheilus</i>, <i>L. pangusia</i>, and <i>L. potail</i> by having two pairs of barbels (vs. a single pair, except in <i>L. potail</i>, which altogether lacks barbels). The new species can be distinguished from <i>L. porcellus</i>, <i>L. boggut</i>, <i>L. fimbriatus</i>, <i>L. nigrescens</i>, <i>L. boga</i>, <i>L. calbasu</i>, and <i>L. gonius</i> by having ½8–½9+1+6–7½ scales in transverse series (vs. ½6–½7+1+½ 5–6 in <i>L. porcellus</i>; ½10–12+1+8½– 9 in <i>L. boggut</i>; ½9–10+1+6½–7½ in <i>L. fimbriatus</i>; ½6–½7+1+5½ in <i>L. nigrescens</i>; 7– ½7+1+5–5½ in <i>L. boga</i>; ½7–½9+1+5½–6½ in <i>L. calbasu</i>; 12–14+1+10½– 13 in <i>L. gonius</i>). Further, <i>L. heladiva</i> differs from <i>L. boggut</i>, <i>L. fimbriatus</i>; <i>L. kawrus</i>, <i>L. nigrescens</i>; <i>L. boga</i>; <i>L. dyocheilus</i>; and <i>L. gonius</i> by having 12– 13 branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 9–10 in <i>L. boggut</i>; 15–19 in <i>L. fimbriatus</i>; 9 in <i>L. kawrus</i>; 14 in <i>L. nigrescens</i>; 8–9 in <i>L. boga</i>; 9–10 in <i>L. dyocheilus</i>; and 14–16 in <i>L. gonius</i>).</p> <p> <b> Reconstruction of haplotype network for <i>Labeo dussumieri</i> and <i>L. heladiva.</i></b> The two TCS networks for the COI and cytb genes formed two clearly-separated haplotype groups for the Sri Lankan <i>L</i>. <i>heladiva</i> and the Indian <i>L. dussumieri</i>, with no sharing of haplotypes between the two species (Figure 5). In Sri Lanka, the wet zone (H 1 in the two networks) and dry zone populations (H2 and H3) of <i>L. heladiva</i> formed two distinct groups with 5 and 15 mutations for COI and cytb, respectively. The Indian <i>L. dussumieri</i> is more divergent from the Sri Lanka wet-zone population of <i>L. heladiva</i> than the Sri Lankan dry zone population for the cytb genes (25 mutations, vs. 20). However, for COI, the Indian population of <i>L. dussumieri</i> showed a greater divergence from the Sri Lankan dry zone population of <i>L. heladiva</i> than the wet zone (10 vs 7 mutations). <i>Labeo rajasthanicus</i> Datta & Majumdar, a species recently validated by Lal <i>et al</i>. (2015) is morphologically and genetically similar to <i>L. dussumieri</i>. However, <i>L. rajasthanicus</i> is divergent from <i>L. heladiva</i> by a minimum of 10 mutations for the COI gene.</p>Published as part of <i>Sudasinghe, Hiranya, Ranasinghe, R. H. Tharindu, Goonatilake, Sampath Alwis & Meegaskumbura, Madhava, 2018, A review of the genus Labeo (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Sri Lanka, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 4486 (3)</i> on pages 204-214, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1437022">http://zenodo.org/record/1437022</a>
Labeo
No full textKey to the species of Labeo in Sri Lanka 1 Lateral line scales on body ± 40.......................................................................... 2 - Lateral line scales on body> 40.............................................................. Labeo heladiva 2 Scales between origin of dorsal fin and lateral line Ż 7........................................................ 3 - Scales between origin of dorsal fin and lateral line <7.................................................. L. rohita 3 ½8 scales between origin of dorsal fin and lateral line; 21–24 circumpeduncular scales; dorsal fin 23.3–28.2% SL....................................................................................................... L. lankae - 7–8 scales between origin of dorsal fin and lateral line; 17–20 circumpeduncular scales; dorsal fin 18.5–23.4% SL....................................................................................................... L. fisheriPublished as part of Sudasinghe, Hiranya, Ranasinghe, R. H. Tharindu, Goonatilake, Sampath Alwis & Meegaskumbura, Madhava, 2018, A review of the genus Labeo (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Sri Lanka, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 4486 (3) on page 229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/143702
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
Contribution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Country’S H-Index
No full textThe aim of this study is to examine the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development on country’s scientific ranking as measured by H-index. Moreover, this study applies ICT development sub-indices including ICT Use, ICT Access and ICT skill to find the distinct effect of these sub-indices on country’s H-index. To this purpose, required data for the panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2009 is collected. Findings of the current study show that ICT development increases the H-index of the sample countries. The results also indicate that ICT Use and ICT Skill sub-indices positively contribute to higher H-index but the effect of ICT access on country’s H-index is not clear
Free fatty acids, tri-, di- and monoacylglycerol production and depth-related cycling in the Northeast Atlantic
No full textWe present the characterization and vertical distribution of suspended particulate lipids containing C, H and O which have the potential to sequester carbon from the upper ocean when associated with sinking particles. Lipids have been shown to be valuable in a host of environments to provide insights into the sources and processing of organic materials in the oceans. Here we present, direct-infusion, high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) combined with bulk lipid measures for marine lipid characterization. We present the water column distribution of free fatty acids, tri-, di- and monoacylglycerols from the surface layer to abyssopelagic depths (4800 m) for samples collected in the Northeast Atlantic at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain sustained observatory (PAP-SO) (49.0°N, 16.5°W). Triacylglycerols (TG) with even carbon number (TG) and odd carbon number (oddTG, reflecting bacterial origin), were analyzed, while free fatty acids were analyzed as unsaturated (UFA), branched (BrFA) and saturated (SAFA) fatty acids. The surface productive layer (euphotic zone) was characterized with the highest incidence of lipids that are not reported in the Nature Lipidomics Gateway database, especially lipids that are highly unsaturated (acyl chain unsaturation was on average 3.8 for TG, oddTG, UFA and diacylglycerols (DG)). Additionally, we observed high lipid degradation at epipelagic depths. Fatty acid markers indicate that diatoms and dinoflagellates were important contributors to the lipid pool. Depth-resolved lipid change includes decreased lipid abundance and molecular diversity together with substantial loss of unsaturation with increasing depth. The major lipid change occurs at upper mesopelagic depths. Unlike other observed lipids, the abundance of SAFA remained essentially constant down the water column whereas the number of SAFAs and their contribution to total lipids increased with depth. Thus, we demonstrate that lipid saturation affects the export of carbon from the atmosphere to the deep ocean
Fully Turbulent Mean Velocity Profile for Purely Viscous non-Newtonian Fluids
No full textThe characteristic near wall behavior of turbulent flow of purely-viscous non-Newtonian fluids is discussed for both power-law (P.-L.) and Herschel-Bulkley (H.-B.) rheological models. A proper scaling is presented for H.-B. fluids to establish an analogy with power-law fluids with same flow index. To provide reference data for turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids, DNS simulations of power-law fluids are conducted in a rectangular channel for a large range of power-law indices ( = 0.5, 0.69, 0.75, 0.9, 1, 1.2). The DNS data show that the mean velocity profile in the viscous and logarithmic layers follow expressions of the form and respectively, where shows a logarithmic dependency on the flow index.Comparison with some experimental data shows the above formulation to be valid for Reynolds numbers (based on shear velocity) as high as 1000
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