2,033 research outputs found
Universal Probability Distribution for the Wave Function of a Quantum System Entangled with Its Environment
No full textA quantum system (with Hilbert space H1) entangled with its environment (with Hilbert space H2) is usually not attributed a wave function but only a reduced density matrix ρ1. Nevertheless, there is a precise way of attributing to it a random wave function ψ1, called its conditional wave function, whose probability distribution μ1 depends on the entangled wave function ψ∈H1⊗H2 in the Hilbert space of system and environment together. It also depends on a choice of orthonormal basis of H2 but in relevant cases, as we show, not very much. We prove several universality (or typicality) results about μ1, e.g., that if the environment is sufficiently large then for every orthonormal basis of H2, most entangled states ψ with given reduced density matrix ρ1 are such that μ1 is close to one of the so-called GAP (Gaussian adjusted projected) measures, GAP(ρ1). We also show that, for most entangled states ψ from a microcanonical subspace (spanned by the eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian with energies in a narrow interval [E,E+δE]) and most orthonormal bases of H2, μ1 is close to GAP(tr2ρmc) with ρmc the normalized projection to the microcanonical subspace. In particular, if the coupling between the system and the environment is weak, then μ1 is close to GAP(ρβ) with ρβ the canonical density matrix on H1 at inverse temperature β=β(E). This provides the mathematical justification of our claim in [J. Statist. Phys. 125:1193 (2006), http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0309021] that GAP measures describe the thermal equilibrium distribution of the wave function.Peer reviewe
sj-docx-1-pch-10.1177_21501351211073615 - Supplemental material for Modifying the Renal Angina Index for Predicting AKI and Related Adverse Outcomes in Pediatric Heart Surgery
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-pch-10.1177_21501351211073615 for Modifying the Renal Angina Index for Predicting AKI and Related Adverse Outcomes in Pediatric Heart Surgery by Katja M Gist, Megan SooHoo, Emily Mack, Zaccaria Ricci, David M Kwiatkowski, David S Cooper, Catherine D Krawczeski, Jeffrey A Alten and
Stuart L Goldstein, Rajit K Basu in World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery</p
Women enter medicine in the Western Reserve: the graduation of the first six women doctors from Western Reserve College: 1852-1856
No full textLinda Goldstein presents “an overview of the events surrounding the graduation of Nancy Elizabeth Talbot Clark and five other women who found the means to enter and to graduate from the Cleveland Medical College of Western Reserve in the 1850s”. The author includes information about the women’s academic and professional careers. Conference paper; Originally published in Western Reserve Studies Symposium (3rd:1988 : Cleveland, Ohio
The Current State of the Art in Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury
No full textThis eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Optimizing administrative datasets to examine acute kidney injury in the era of big data: workgroup statement from the 15th ADQI Consensus Conference
No full textPurpose of review\ud
The purpose of this review is to report how administrative data have been used to study AKI, identify current limitations, and suggest how these data sources might be enhanced to address knowledge gaps in the field.\ud
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Objectives\ud
1) To review the existing evidence-base on how AKI is coded across administrative datasets, 2) To identify limitations, gaps in knowledge, and major barriers to scientific progress in AKI related to coding in administrative data, 3) To discuss how administrative data for AKI might be enhanced to enable “communication” and “translation” within and across administrative jurisdictions, and 4) To suggest how administrative databases might be configured to inform ‘registry-based’ pragmatic studies.\ud
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Source of information\ud
Literature review of English language articles through PubMed search for relevant AKI literature focusing on the validation of AKI in administrative data or used administrative data to describe the epidemiology of AKI.\ud
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Setting\ud
Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Consensus Conference September 6-7th, 2015, Banff, Canada\ud
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Patients\ud
Hospitalized patients with AKI\ud
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Key messages\ud
The coding structure for AKI in many administrative datasets limits understanding of true disease burden (especially less severe AKI), its temporal trends, and clinical phenotyping. Important opportunities exist to improve the quality and coding of AKI data to better address critical knowledge gaps in AKI and improve care.\ud
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Methods\ud
A modified Delphi consensus building process consisting of review of the literature and summary statements were developed through a series of alternating breakout and plenary sessions.\ud
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Results\ud
Administrative codes for AKI are limited by poor sensitivity, lack of standardization to classify severity, and poor contextual phenotyping. These limitations are further hampered by reduced awareness of AKI among providers and the subjective nature of reporting. While an idealized definition of AKI may be difficult to implement, improving standardization of reporting by using laboratory-based definitions and providing complementary information on the context in which AKI occurs are possible. Administrative databases may also help enhance the conduct of and inform clinical or registry-based pragmatic studies.\ud
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Limitations\ud
Data sources largely restricted to North American and Europe\ud
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Implications\ud
Administrative data are rapidly growing and evolving, and represent an unprecedented opportunity to address knowledge gaps in AKI. Progress will require continued efforts to improve awareness of the impact of AKI on public health, engage key stakeholders, and develop tangible strategies to reconfigure infrastructure to improve the reporting and phenotyping of AKI.\ud
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Why is this review important?\ud
Rapid growth in the size and availability of administrative data has enhanced the clinical study of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, significant limitations exist in coding that hinder our ability to better understand its epidemiology and address knowledge gaps. The following consensus-based review discusses how administrative data have been used to study AKI, identify current limitations, and suggest how these data sources might be enhanced to improve the future study of this disease.\ud
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What are the key messages?\ud
The current coding structure of administrative data is hindered by a lack of sensitivity, standardization to properly classify severity, and limited clinical phenotyping. These limitations combined with reduced awareness of AKI and the subjective nature of reporting limit understanding of disease burden across settings and time periods. As administrative data become more sophisticated and complex, important opportunities to employ more objective criteria to diagnose and stage AKI as well as improve contextual phenotyping exist that can help address knowledge gaps and improve care
Utilizing electronic health records to predict acute kidney injury risk and outcomes: workgroup statements from the 15th ADQI Consensus Conference
No full textThe data contained within the electronic health record (EHR) is “big” from the standpoint of volume, velocity, and variety. These circumstances and the pervasive trend towards EHR adoption have sparked interest in applying big data predictive analytic techniques to EHR data. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a condition well suited to prediction and risk forecasting; not only does the consensus definition for AKI allow temporal anchoring of events, but no treatments exist once AKI develops, underscoring the importance of early identification and prevention. The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) convened a group of key opinion leaders and stakeholders to consider how best to approach AKI research and care in the “Big Data” era. This manuscript addresses the core elements of AKI risk prediction and outlines potential pathways and processes. We describe AKI prediction targets, feature selection, model development, and data display
Weak amenability of C*-algebras and a theorem of Goldstein
No full textA Banach algebra A is weakly amenable provided that every bounded derivation from A to its dual A is inner. In [H1], the first-named author, building on earlier work of J. W. Bunce and W. L. Paschke [BP], proved that every C -algebra is weakly amenable. We give a simplified and unified proof of this theorem. B. E. Johnson has proved that every bounded Jordan derivation from a C -algebra A to any Banach A -bimodule is a derivation [Jo]. We present a new proof of this theorem. As an application of these results, we give an elementary proof of the following theorem of S. Goldstein [Go]. For each bounded bilinear form V : A \Theta A ! C on a C -algebra A , the following assertions are equivalent: (a) V (a; b) = 0 whenever a; b 2 A are self-adjoint and satisfy ab = 0; (b) there are functionals '; / 2 A for which V (a; b) = '(ab) + /(ba) for all a; b 2 A . Moreover, the functionals in (b) can be chosen to be positive if and only if V (c; c ) 0 for each c 2 A . 1991 Mathe..
Author Co-Citation Analysis (ACA): a powerful tool for representing implicit knowledge of scholar knowledge workers
No full textIn the last decade, knowledge has emerged as one of the most important and valuable organizational assets. Gradually this importance caused to emergence of new discipline entitled ―knowledge management‖. However one of the major challenges of knowledge management is conversion implicit or tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. Thus Making knowledge visible so that it can be better accessed, discussed, valued or generally managed is a long-standing objective in knowledge management. Accordingly in this paper author co- citation analysis (ACA) will be proposed as an efficient technique of knowledge visualization in academia (Scholar knowledge workers)
Differential Diagnosis of AKI in Clinical Practice by Functional and Damage Biomarkers: Workgroup Statements from the Tenth Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Consensus Conference
No full textAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common but complex clinical syndrome with multiple etiologies. These etiologies target different sites and pathways within the kidney. Novel biomarkers of 'kidney damage' (which can be tubular or glomerular) can be used to diagnose AKI, even in the absence of an increase in serum creatinine or oliguria. These biomarkers of kidney damage can be combined with biomarkers of kidney function to facilitate classification of AKI. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed using the published methodology of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) working group and used to establish consensus statements regarding the use of biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of AKI. We recommend that the pathophysiological terms 'functional change' and 'kidney damage' be used in preference to the anatomical classification using the terms pre-renal, renal and post-renal AKI. We further recommend the use of both renal and non-renal biomarkers in establishing the specific cause of AKI as soon as possible after diagnosis. The presence of underlying CKD or of sepsis poses additional challenges in differential diagnosis, since these conditions alter both baseline biomarker excretion and biomarker performance. We recommend that biomarkers be validated within the clinical context in which they are to be used. Within that context, combinations of biomarkers may, in the future, allow differentiation of the site, mechanism and phase of injury. Copyright (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Base
Nonadaptive Amino Acid Convergence Rates Decrease over Time.
No full textConvergence is a central concept in evolutionary studies because it provides strong evidence for adaptation. It also provides information about the nature of the fitness landscape and the repeatability of evolution, and can mislead phylogenetic inference. To understand the role of adaptive convergence, we need to understand the patterns of nonadaptive convergence. Here, we consider the relationship between nonadaptive convergence and divergence in mitochondrial and model proteins. Surprisingly, nonadaptive convergence is much more common than expected in closely related organisms, falling off as organisms diverge. The extent of the convergent drop-off in mitochondrial proteins is well predicted by epistatic or coevolutionary effects in our "evolutionary Stokes shift" models and poorly predicted by conventional evolutionary models. Convergence probabilities decrease dramatically if the ancestral amino acids of branches being compared have diverged, but also drop slowly over evolutionary time even if the ancestral amino acids have not substituted. Convergence probabilities drop-off rapidly for quickly evolving sites, but much more slowly for slowly evolving sites. Furthermore, once sites have diverged their convergence probabilities are extremely low and indistinguishable from convergence levels at randomized sites. These results indicate that we cannot assume that excessive convergence early on is necessarily adaptive. This new understanding should help us to better discriminate adaptive from nonadaptive convergence and develop more relevant evolutionary models with improved validity for phylogenetic inference
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