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Verantwortungspazifismus (legal pacifism). Zum politischen Gestaltungspotential pazifistischer Bewegungen im Blick auf das Völkerrecht
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
ein erkenntnistheoretischer Versuch gegen die humanitären Kriege
Full text linkDieser Aufsatz erschien ursprünglich in einem Buch des Haupt-Verlags (siehe http://www.haupt.ch/verlagsshop/oxid.php/cl/details/anid/9783258069470) und wird hier mit dessen freundlicher Genehmigung elektronisch exakt wiedergeben wie im Original.Wer humanitäre Kriege moralisch beurteilen will, muss sich in einem chaotischen Meer der Möglichkeiten auskennen; er muss (z.B. in der Rückschau) wissen, was geschehen wäre, hätten sich die Akteure anders entschieden. Solche Fragen betreffen keine Fakten, sondern Kontrafakten; mit kühlem Realitätssinn alleine ist diesen Fragen nicht beizukommen. Im Herzstück dieses Aufsatzes steht eine erkenntnistheoretische Analyse kontrafaktischer Sätze. Wenn ich recht liege, müssen wir uns bei der Beurteilung solcher Sätze nicht nur an die harten Fakten halten; zusätzlich brauchen wir weichere Beurteilungskriterien wie Einfühlungsvermögen, narrative Intelligenz, Phantasie – und Werthaltungen. Dass eine bestimmte Form von Pazifismus im Lichte dieser erkenntnistheoretischen These an Plausibilität gewinnt, versuche ich in den Schlussabschnitten anhand des Kosovo-Kriegs plausibel zu machen.If you want to evaluate morally a given humanitarian intervention, you must know your way through an ocean of chaotic possibilities; you must know (say, ex post) what would have happened if the protagonists had chosen some different course of action. Such questions do not concern hard facts – they concern counterfacts, which are softer. With cool descriptive realism alone you won't be able to decide about the counterfactuals in question. Thus, I propose an epistemological analysis of the relevant counterfactual conditionals. If I am right, we cannot appeal to hard facts alone in order to form reasonable judgments concerning such conditionals; softer criteria of judgments are needed such as sensitivity, narrative intelligence, fantasy – and values. At the end of the paper, I demonstrate that our analysis of counterfactuals speaks in favour of well-understood pacifism. It will be shown, for example, that the pacifists were right when they argued against NATO's intervention in Kosovo.Not Reviewe
After 9/11: Making Pacifism Plausible
No full textFor many, the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York on September 11th 2001 pressed the question of what is the right response to international violence. While some believe a 'war on terror' is the right response, pacifists rule it out. In this paper I compare terrorist attack with natural disaster to provide a new argument for a pacifist response to attack. In 1. I explain the victim-centred approach of this paper. In 2. I use the victim perspective to argue that terrorist attack is best seen as a natural disaster, and in 3. I argue that naturalistic explanations for violence support this view. In 4. I compare the different responses of key bystanders, the American political elite, to patent disasters and to 9/11. In 5. I spell out why a 'war on terror' is an irrational and impermissible response. In 6. I consider what a rational response informed by the victim perspective and empirical research on violence will be, and in 7. I conclude
Pazifismus mit offenen Augen
Full text linkDieser Aufsatz erschien ursprünglich in einem Buch des Kohlhammer-Verlags (siehe www.kohlhammer.de) und wird hier mit freundlicher Genehmigung elektronisch exakt so wiedergeben wie das Original; nur Zusammenfassung und Gliederung fehlten im Original.Pazifisten und deren Gegner streiten sich meist nicht bloß über moralische, sondern auch über faktisch-deskriptive Fragen. Zum Beispiel sind beide Seiten bei der Kosovo-Krise (1998/9) zu völlig entgegengesetzten Beschreibungen gekommen. Laut meiner Rekonstruktion des Pazifismus ist das keine Überraschung, weil der Pazifist die Fakten legitimerweise im Lichte seines Systems von Werten betrachtet. Seine Gegnerin betrachtet die Fakten im Lichte eines alternativen Wertsystems, und der Streit zwischen den beiden Parteien, der sich angeblich auf wertfrei deskriptivem Boden bewegt, hört nie auf, weil es keine objektiven Tatsachen aus dem betreffenden Krieg gibt, die den Streit für die eine oder andere Seite eindeutig entscheiden könnten. Die wertbeladene Weltsicht des Pazifisten lässt sich als eine Befolgung dreier epistemischer Imperative verstehen: (1) Imperativ zur Natur des Menschen: "Wehre Dich gegen Dämonisierungen der Gegenseite; versuche immer, den Fall aus der Sicht der Gegenseite zu verstehen". (2) Imperativ zugunsten friedfertiger Alternativen: "Suche immer nach friedfertigen Alternativen zum geplanten Militäreinsatz". (3) Imperativ bezüglich unkontrollierbarer Eskalation: "Schärfe deinen Blick für unkontrollierbare, irreversible Nebenfolgen des militärischen Einsatzes, und achte besonders auf die Gefahr, dass ein weiterer Weltkrieg ausbrechen könnte". Nicht die objektive Realität entscheidet darüber, wie weit man bei der Befolgung dieser Imperative gehen sollte. Die epistemischen Imperative des Pazifisten können mit Kants regulativen Prinzipien verglichen werden, die laut Kant notwendig sind, um unseren naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen eine Orientierung zu geben. Und wenn sich also die Erkenntnismethode des Pazifisten in entscheidender Hinsicht nicht von der naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnismethode unterscheidet, dann verdienen die Pazifisten einen Vorwurf ganz sicher nicht: den Vorwurf, auf irrationale Weise blind zu sein für die harten Wirklichkeiten.Pacifists and their opponents disagree not only about moral questions, but most often about factual questions as well. For example, they came to divergent descriptions of the crisis in Kosovo. According to my reconstruction of pacifism, this is not a surprise because the pacifist, legitimately, looks at the facts in the light of her system of value. Her opponent, in turn, looks at the facts in the light of alternative systems of value, and the quarrel between the two parties about supposedly descriptive matters does not come to an end as there is no objective reality about the war in question that could settle the issue. If I am right, the pacifist's value-laden way of looking at reality can be reconstructed as an obedience to three epistemic imperatives. First, the Epistemic Imperative concerning Human Nature ("Resist against demonizing the other side; always try to understand the case from their point of view"). Second, the Epistemic Imperative concerning Non-Violent Alternatives ("Always search for non-violent alternatives to projected military action"). Third, the Epistemic Imperative concerning Uncontrolled Escalation ("Sharpen your attention for uncontrolled, irreversible side effects of military action, particularly for the danger of escalation to another world war"). Objective reality does not decide how far one should go in following these imperatives. Rather, the decision about this is our's—similarly as in case of the scientist who decides to search for common deep structure behind the chaos of the manifold. So the pacifist's epistemic imperatives can be compared to Kant's regulative principles that are necessary for guiding the scientific scrutiny of reality.Not Reviewe
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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