180,400 research outputs found
Mass Torts and Arbitration: Lessons From Abaclat (formerly Beccara) v. Argentine Republic
No full textConferència de S.I. Strong, professora de la University of Missouri, emmarcada dins el Workshop 'Incertesa i danys massius: causalitat i prova', organitzat pel Grup de Recerca de Filosofia del Dret, Institut de Dret Privat Europeu i Comparat i la Càtedra de Cultura Jurídica2431.mp4
2431.mp
Politics and Economics in Weak and Strong States
No full textWhile much research in political economy points out the benefits of "limited government," political scientists have long emphasized the problems created in many less developed nations by "weak states," which lack the power to tax and regulate the economy and to withstand the political and social challenges from non-state actors. I construct a model in which the state apparatus is controlled by a self-interested ruler, who tries to divert resources for his own consumption, but who can also invest in socially productive public goods. Both weak and strong states create distortions. When the state is excessively strong, the ruler imposes such high taxes that economic activity is stifled. When the state is excessively weak, the ruler anticipates that he will not be able to extract rents in the future and underinvests in public goods. I show that the same conclusion applies in the analysis of both the economic power of the state (i.e., its ability to raise taxes) and its political power (i.e., its ability to remain entrenched from the citizens). I also discuss how under certain circumstances, a different type of equilibrium, which I refer to as "consensually-strong state equilibrium," can emerge whereby the state is politically weak but is allowed to impose high taxes as long as a sufficient fraction of the proceeds are invested in public goods. The consensually-strong state might best correspond to the state in OECD countries where taxes are high despite significant control by the society over the government.
Strong Equivalence of Qualitative Optimization Problems
No full textWe introduce the framework of qualitative optimization problems (or, simply, optimization problems) to represent preference theories. The formalism uses separate modules to describe the space of outcomes to be compared (the generator) and the preferences on outcomes (the selector). We consider two types of optimization problems. They differ in the way the generator, which we model by a propositional theory, is interpreted: by the standard propositional logic semantics, and by the equilibrium-model (answer-set) semantics. Under the latter interpretation of generators, optimization problems directly generalize answer-set optimization programs proposed previously. We study strong equivalence of optimization problems, which guarantees their interchangeability within any larger context. We characterize several versions of strong equivalence obtained by restricting the class of optimization problems that can be used as extensions and establish the complexity of associated reasoning tasks. Understanding strong equivalence is essential for modular representation of optimization problems and rewriting techniques to simplify them without changing their inherent properties
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Observations of the gamma-ray emission from the Quiescent Sun with Fermi Large Area Telescope during the first 7 years in orbit
No full textThe high energy gamma-ray emission from the quiescent Sun is due to the interactions of cosmic ray (CR) protons and electrons with matter and photons in the solar environment. Such interactions lead to two component gamma-ray emission: a disk-like emission due to the nuclear interactions of CR protons and nuclei in the solar atmosphere and a space extended emission due to the inverse Compton (IC) scattering of CR electrons off solar photons in the whole heliosphere. The observation of these two solar emission components may give useful information about the evolution of the solar cycle by probing two different CR components (proton and electrons) in regions not directly accessible by direct observations. We present the results of the observations of the Sun with Fermi-LAT in the first 7 years on orbit, with the exception of the flaring periods. Significantly large photon statistics and improved processing performance with respect to previous analysis allow us to explore both components of the emission in greater details and perform better comparisons of data with current models of the IC component. This allows us to probe CR electrons in the inner heliosphere which is not possible by other methods. Moreover, the longer period of observations allows us to study the variations of the emission between the maximum and the minimum of the solar cycle
On -strong distance in strong digraphs
No full textsummary:For a nonempty set of vertices in a strong digraph , the strong distance is the minimum size of a strong subdigraph of containing the vertices of . If contains vertices, then is referred to as the -strong distance of . For an integer and a vertex of a strong digraph , the -strong eccentricity of is the maximum -strong distance among all sets of vertices in containing . The minimum -strong eccentricity among the vertices of is its -strong radius and the maximum -strong eccentricity is its -strong diameter . The -strong center (-strong periphery) of is the subdigraph of induced by those vertices of -strong eccentricity (). It is shown that, for each integer , every oriented graph is the -strong center of some strong oriented graph. A strong oriented graph is called strongly -self-centered if is its own -strong center. For every integer , there exist infinitely many strongly 3-self-centered oriented graphs of 3-strong radius . The problem of determining those oriented graphs that are -strong peripheries of strong oriented graphs is studied
The Nature of Author Relevance in Literary Interpretation
No full textOne ongoing debate in literary interpretation focuses on the relevance (or not) of the author to interpreting a literary work‟s meaning. Traditionally the dominant opposing positions in this debate are intentionalism, where the author‟s intentions are relevant to and even determinate of meaning, and (strong) anti-intentionalism, where the author is in no way relevant to interpretation. In this thesis I demonstrate that these two positions do not form a straightforward opposition. I show that this arises from a dialectical mixing of metaphysical claims and methodological claims. For example, if an intentionalist argues that the meaning of a work is metaphysically determined by its author‟s intentions then the anti-intentionalist response may be that accessing the author‟s actual intentions are methodologically impossible for the interpreter. Resulting from this I frame the debate in terms of metaphysical questions of meaning and methodological questions of interpretation. In my discussion of the metaphysics of meaning I show that there is at least a minimal sense in which the author is relevant to the meaning of a work. I argue that there are features of the work that the author, due to his or her historical and geographical context, could not help but have included in it, and in this sense the author limits the meaning of a work. Following this, my discussion of the methodology of interpretation argues that a reasonable regulatory question for interpretive practice is: what could the author possibly mean? Finally I consider my conclusions in relation to the most recent positions in the debate, showing that they are best reflected in Alexander Nehamas‟ “postulated author”
Immunity properties and strong positive reducibilities
No full textWe use certain strong Q-reducibilities, and their corresponding strong positive reducibilities, to characterize the hyperimmune sets and the hyperhyperimmune sets: if A is any infinite set then A is hyperimmune (respectively, hyperhyperimmune) if and only if for every infinite subset B of A, one has (respectively, ): here is the finite-branch version of s-reducibility, is the computably bounded version of , and is the complement of the halting set. Restriction to sets provides a similar characterization of the hyperhyperimmune sets in terms of s-reducibility. We also showthat no is hyperhyperimmune. As a consequence, is hyperhyperimmune-free, showing that the hyperhyperimmune s-degrees are not upwards closed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Strong and Weak Senses of Theory-Ladenness of Experimentation: Theory-Driven versus Exploratory Experiments in the History of High-Energy Particle Physics
No full textIn the theory-dominated view of scientific experimentation, all relations of theory and experiment are taken on a par; namely, that experiments are performed solely to ascertain the conclusions of scientific theories. As a result, different aspects of experimentation and of the relation of theory to experiment remain undifferentiated. This in turn fosters a notion of theory-ladenness of experimentation (TLE) that is too coarse-grained to accurately describe the relations of theory and experiment in scientific practice. By contrast, in this article, I suggest that TLE should be understood as an umbrella concept that has different senses. To this end, I introduce a three-fold distinction among the theories of high-energy particle physics (HEP) as background theories, model theories and phenomenological models. Drawing on this categorization, I contrast two types of experimentation, namely, “theory-driven” and “exploratory” experiments, and I distinguish between the “weak” and “strong” senses of TLE in the context of scattering experiments from the history of HEP. This distinction enables to identify the exploratory character of the deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering experiments—performed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) between the years 1967 and 1973—thereby shedding light on a crucial phase of the history of HEP, namely, the discovery of “scaling”, which was the decisive step towards the construction of quantum chromo-dynamics (QCD) as a gauge theory of strong interactions
- …
