1,721,013 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Land use and travel behavior in small cities
No full textResearch on the relationship between land-use and travel behavior has been at the forefront of finding solutions to the ever-growing challenges of energy demand and urban pollution associated with transportation. However, much of the research has been focused on medium-to-large cities. Since relationships between built environment and travel behavior are geographically contextualized, the extent of influence of built environment on travel is contingent on geographic context. As a result, the effect of policy-relevant built environment factors are likely to vary between cities of different sizes.
Small cities accommodate a sizable share of national populations (e.g. 28 % in Norway). Small city residents are largely car dependent, often with long driving distances and low shares of active travel. A serious effort attempting to promote sustainable mobility cannot do so without properly understanding what shapes travel behavior in small cities at both local and regional scale. To contribute in filling the knowledge gap and inform small-city planners on their quest for sustainable mobility, this thesis focuses on the relationship between built environment and travel behavior in a small-city context.
The overarching research question of the thesis is: which built environment attributes and transport strategies can best serve the goal of sustainable mobility in a small city context? This main question was addressed by formulating a number of researchable questions addressed in the four articles included in the thesis.
The four articles fall under three main research themes. The aim of the first research theme is to investigate the significance of travel attitude as a source of bias in land-use and transportation research. Its purpose in the thesis is to inform the succeeding two research themes on how to model travel attitudes in travel behavior research. The second research theme investigates the influence of neighborhood, local (city scale) and regional built environment factors on car driving distance in a small city context. The third research theme focuses on so-called active transport (walking and biking) and investigates the relationship between built environment and active transport at the neighborhood as well as city scale in small cities.
The role of attitudes towards active transport is given special attention in the last theme. In modeling active transport, travel attitude is included not as a control variable but as a variable of prime interest due to its direct effect on motivation to active transport. The modeling framework is inspired by ecological models and informed by lessons from the first research theme.
Survey data from three small cities in the southeastern part of Norway are used to answer the research questions. In addition, the small-cities’ data is supplemented by data from Oslo metropolitan area, which is specifically used to address the issue of travel-induced residential self-selection. With the exception of the first article, where mixed-methods approach (combining quantitative and qualitative methods) was used, the thesis employed mainly quantitative methods of analysis in investigating the effect of the built environment on motorized and non-motorized travel behavior.
The main conclusions of the study underscore that regional context is important to understand how and to what extent residential location affects travel behavior in a small city context. In a city such as Kongsvinger, where regional pull-factors from a nearby higher-order city is weaker, living close to the center of the small city significantly reduces total car driving distance. In cities with proximity to a higher-order city, the influence of residential distance from the city center on driving distance is weaker and likely mediated by transit commutes due to higher propensity among commuters working in the larger city to commute by transit if they live close to the center of the small town. Among the demographic and socio-economic characteristics, gender has an influence in all three cities, with men tending to drive longer distances than women do. The influence of income and employment are strongest in the cities that are most strongly integrated into the labor market of the Oslo region.
Regarding the relationship between built environment and active transport behavior in small cities, attitude towards active travel is found to exert the strongest influence on the propensity to bike/walk. Neighbourhood-level accessibility to facilities is also important but its influence varies by trip purpose (facility type). For trips to grocery stores, availability of such stores in the neighborhood is highly influential whereas for more specialized stores and facilities (center facilities), concentration of facilities close to the city center is more strongly associated with a high frequency of walk/bike trips. Topography also influences the likelihood of traveling by active modes, irrespective of destination type, for example by reducing the frequency of walking and biking trips among residents of hilly neighborhoods.
Three main recommendations with implications for urban planning policies can be drawn from this thesis. First, planners should avoid measures that lead to sprawling of center facilities, for example, shopping centers at city fringes. Second, since grocery stores accessible at a neighborhood scale increase the propensity of active travel, new residential areas should be developed in such a way that the population base for neighborhood facilities such as grocery stores is sufficiently high. Third, the analysis also reveals that attitude towards active travel exerts strong influence on people’s tendency to travel by non-motorized modes. Therefore, awareness campaigns to sway individual and community attitudes coupled, for example, with incentives to the adoption of electric bikes in order to reduce the level of exertion associated with topographical contours may likely boost walk/bike frequency
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Arealbruk og reiseatferd i små byer
Get PDFResearch on the relationship between land-use and travel behavior has been at the forefront of finding solutions to the ever-growing challenges of energy demand and urban pollution associated with transportation. However, much of the research has been focused on medium-to-large cities. Since relationships between built environment and travel behavior are geographically contextualized, the extent of influence of built environment on travel is contingent on geographic context. As a result, the effect of policy-relevant built environment factors are likely to vary between cities of different sizes.
Small cities accommodate a sizable share of national populations (e.g. 28 % in Norway). Small city residents are largely car dependent, often with long driving distances and low shares of active travel. A serious effort attempting to promote sustainable mobility cannot do so without properly understanding what shapes travel behavior in small cities at both local and regional scale. To contribute in filling the knowledge gap and inform small-city planners on their quest for sustainable mobility, this thesis focuses on the relationship between built environment and travel behavior in a small-city context.
The overarching research question of the thesis is: which built environment attributes and transport strategies can best serve the goal of sustainable mobility in a small city context? This main question was addressed by formulating a number of researchable questions addressed in the four articles included in the thesis.
The four articles fall under three main research themes. The aim of the first research theme is to investigate the significance of travel attitude as a source of bias in land-use and transportation research. Its purpose in the thesis is to inform the succeeding two research themes on how to model travel attitudes in travel behavior research. The second research theme investigates the influence of neighborhood, local (city scale) and regional built environment factors on car driving distance in a small city context. The third research theme focuses on so-called active transport (walking and biking) and investigates the relationship between built environment and active transport at the neighborhood as well as city scale in small cities.
The role of attitudes towards active transport is given special attention in the last theme. In modeling active transport, travel attitude is included not as a control variable but as a variable of prime interest due to its direct effect on motivation to active transport. The modeling framework is inspired by ecological models and informed by lessons from the first research theme.
Survey data from three small cities in the southeastern part of Norway are used to answer the research questions. In addition, the small-cities’ data is supplemented by data from Oslo metropolitan area, which is specifically used to address the issue of travel-induced residential self-selection. With the exception of the first article, where mixed-methods approach (combining quantitative and qualitative methods) was used, the thesis employed mainly quantitative methods of analysis in investigating the effect of the built environment on motorized and non-motorized travel behavior.
The main conclusions of the study underscore that regional context is important to understand how and to what extent residential location affects travel behavior in a small city context. In a city such as Kongsvinger, where regional pull-factors from a nearby higher-order city is weaker, living close to the center of the small city significantly reduces total car driving distance. In cities with proximity to a higher-order city, the influence of residential distance from the city center on driving distance is weaker and likely mediated by transit commutes due to higher propensity among commuters working in the larger city to commute by transit if they live close to the center of the small town. Among the demographic and socio-economic characteristics, gender has an influence in all three cities, with men tending to drive longer distances than women do. The influence of income and employment are strongest in the cities that are most strongly integrated into the labor market of the Oslo region.
Regarding the relationship between built environment and active transport behavior in small cities, attitude towards active travel is found to exert the strongest influence on the propensity to bike/walk. Neighbourhood-level accessibility to facilities is also important but its influence varies by trip purpose (facility type). For trips to grocery stores, availability of such stores in the neighborhood is highly influential whereas for more specialized stores and facilities (center facilities), concentration of facilities close to the city center is more strongly associated with a high frequency of walk/bike trips. Topography also influences the likelihood of traveling by active modes, irrespective of destination type, for example by reducing the frequency of walking and biking trips among residents of hilly neighborhoods.
Three main recommendations with implications for urban planning policies can be drawn from this thesis. First, planners should avoid measures that lead to sprawling of center facilities, for example, shopping centers at city fringes. Second, since grocery stores accessible at a neighborhood scale increase the propensity of active travel, new residential areas should be developed in such a way that the population base for neighborhood facilities such as grocery stores is sufficiently high. Third, the analysis also reveals that attitude towards active travel exerts strong influence on people’s tendency to travel by non-motorized modes. Therefore, awareness campaigns to sway individual and community attitudes coupled, for example, with incentives to the adoption of electric bikes in order to reduce the level of exertion associated with topographical contours may likely boost walk/bike frequency.Forskningen om forholdet mellom arealbruk og reiseatferd har lenge vært en viktig del av innsatsen for å finne løsninger på de stadig voksende utfordringene om energibehov og luftforurensing i byer knyttet til transport. Mye av forskningen har imidlertid vært fokusert på store og mellomstore byer. Siden forholdet mellom bystruktur og reiseatferd avhenger av den geografiske konteksten, er det grunn til å tro at bystrukturelle faktorers innvirkning på folks reiseatferd vil variere mellom byer av forskjellige størrrelser.
I mange europeiske land bor en betydelig andel av befolkningen i små byer (eksempelvis 28% i Norge). Beboerne i små byer er i stor grad bilavhengige, ofte med lang kjørelengde og lav andel av ikke-motoriserte reiser. Byplanlegging for å fremme bærekraftig mobilitet kan derfor neppe nå målene uten grundig forståelse av hvordan bystrukturen i små byer påvirker reiseatferd. Denne avhandlingen fokuserer på forholdet mellom bystruktur og reiseatferd i småbyer for å forbedre kunnskapsgrunnlaget for bærekraftig areal- og transportplanlegging i små byer.Norwegian Public Road AdministrationpublishedVersio
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Forecasting inaccuracies:a result of unexpected events, optimism bias, technical problems, or strategic misrepresentation?
Get PDFBased on the results from a questionnaire survey and qualitative interviews among different actors involved in traffic forecasting, this paper discusses what evidence can be found in support of competing explanations of forecasting errors. There are indications that technical problems and manipulation, and to a lesser extent optimism bias, may be part of the explanation of observed systematic biases in forecasting. In addition, unexpected events can render the forecasts erroneous, and many respondents and interviewees consider it to be simply not possible to make precise predictions about the future. The results give rise to some critical reflections about the reliability of project evaluations based on traffic forecasts susceptible to several systematic as well as random sources of error.Naess, Petter; Andersen, Jeppe Astrup; Nicolaisen, Morten Skou; Strand, Arvid. (2015). Forecasting inaccuracies: a result of unexpected events, optimism bias, technical problems, or strategic misrepresentation?. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, 10.5198/jtlu.2015.719
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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