1,720,999 research outputs found
Figure 3 in Identification and characterization of Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbignyi, 1835) from Agua Escondida in northern Patagonia, Argentina
No full textFigure 3. Schematic of the mitochondrial genome, with the relative positions of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene and the 16S region marked, along with intraspecific variation found. A, Folmer region; B, 16S 'universal' marker region; ∗GenBank acquisition AY030231.1; ∗∗ GenBank acquisition AY030232.1.Published as part of Standley, C.J., Pointier, J.P., Issia, L., Wisnivesky-Colli, C. & Stothard, J.R., 2011, Identification and characterization of Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbignyi, 1835) from Agua Escondida in northern Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 347-356 in Journal of Natural History 45 (5-6) on page 353, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.531153, http://zenodo.org/record/520497
Identification and characterization of<i>Biomphalaria peregrina</i>(Orbignyi, 1835) from Agua Escondida in northern Patagonia, Argentina
No full textStandley, C.J., Pointier, J.P., Issia, L., Wisnivesky-Colli, C., Stothard, J.R. (2011): Identification and characterization of Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbignyi, 1835) from Agua Escondida in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Natural History 45 (5-6): 347-356, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.531153, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.53115
Figure 1 in Identification and characterization of Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbignyi, 1835) from Agua Escondida in northern Patagonia, Argentina
No full textFigure 1. Map of Mendoza province and surrounding area. Agua Escondida, the collection site, is underlined; all other sites where Biomphalaria have been observed in the literature are starred: 1Paraense (2001); 2Ciocco et al. (2008).Published as part of Standley, C.J., Pointier, J.P., Issia, L., Wisnivesky-Colli, C. & Stothard, J.R., 2011, Identification and characterization of Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbignyi, 1835) from Agua Escondida in northern Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 347-356 in Journal of Natural History 45 (5-6) on page 351, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.531153, http://zenodo.org/record/520497
Figure 3 in Identification and characterization of Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbignyi, 1835) from Agua Escondida in northern Patagonia, Argentina
No full textFigure 3. Schematic of the mitochondrial genome, with the relative positions of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene and the 16S region marked, along with intraspecific variation found. A, Folmer region; B, 16S 'universal' marker region; ∗GenBank acquisition AY030231.1; ∗∗ GenBank acquisition AY030232.1.Published as part of Standley, C.J., Pointier, J.P., Issia, L., Wisnivesky-Colli, C. & Stothard, J.R., 2011, Identification and characterization of Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbignyi, 1835) from Agua Escondida in northern Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 347-356 in Journal of Natural History 45 (5-6) on page 353, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.531153, http://zenodo.org/record/520497
Parasite dispersal from the ornamental goldfish trade
No full textGoldfish, Carassius auratus Linnaeus, 1758, are immensely popular ornamental cyprinid fish, traded in more than 100 countries. For more than 500 years, human translocation has facilitated the spread of goldfish globally, which has enabled numerous and repeated introductions of parasite taxa that infect them. The parasite fauna assemblage of goldfish is generally well documented, but few studies provide evidence of parasite coinvasion following the release of goldfish. This review provides a comprehensive synopsis of parasites that infect goldfish in farmed, aquarium-held, native, and invasive populations globally and summarises evidence for the cointroduction and coinvasion of goldfish parasites. More than 113 species infect goldfish in their native range, of which 26 species have probably coinvaded with the international trade of goldfish. Of these, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidae), Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora: Ichthyophthiriidae), Argulus japonicus (Crustacea: Argulidae), Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Ergasilidae), Dactylogyrus anchoratus, Dactylogyrus vastator and Dactylogyrus formosus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) are common to invasive goldfish populations in more than four countries and are considered a high risk of continued spread. Coinvasive parasites include species with direct and complex life cycles, which have successfully colonised new environments through utilisation of either new native hosts or suitable invasive hosts. Specifically, I. multifiliis, A. japonicus and L. cyprinacea can cause harm to farmed freshwater fish species and are important parasites to consider for biosecurity. These species may threaten other aquatic animal industries given their low host specificity and adaptable life histories. Future attention to biosecurity, management and border detection methods could limit the continued spread of exotic parasites from the ornamental trade of goldfish
PfEMP1 – a parasite protein family of key importance in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria immunity and pathogenesis
No full textPlasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for essentially all malaria-related deaths. The accumulation in various tissues of erythrocytes infected by mature P. falciparum parasites can lead to circulatory disturbances and inflammation, and is thought to be a central element in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is mediated by the interaction of parasite ligands on the erythrocyte surface and a range of host receptor molecules in many organs and tissues. Among several proteins and protein families implicated in this process, the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family of high-molecular weight and highly variable antigens appears to be the most prominent. In this chapter, we aim to provide a systematic overview of the current knowledge about these proteins, their structure, their function, how they are presented on the erythrocyte surface, and how the var genes encoding them are regulated. The role of PfEMP1 in the pathogenesis of malaria, PfEMP1-specific immune responses, and the prospect of PfEMP1-specific vaccination against malaria are also covered briefly.</p
Monogenean parasite cultures: Current techniques and recent advances
No full textVaughan, DB ORCiD: 0000-0002-4914-5003Global expansion in fish production and trade of aquatic ornamental species requires advances in aquatic animal health management. Aquatic parasite cultures permit diverse research opportunities to understand parasite-host dynamics and are essential to validate the efficacy of treatments that could reduce infections in captive populations. Monogeneans are important pathogenic parasites of captured captive fishes and exhibit a single-host life cycle, which makes them amenable to in vivo culture. Continuous cultures of oviparous monogenean parasites provide a valuable resource of eggs, oncomiracidia (larvae) and adult parasites for use in varied ecological and applied scientific research. For example, the parasite-host dynamics of Entobdella soleae (van Beneden and Hesse, 1864) and its fish host, Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758), is one of the most well-documented of all monogeneans following meticulous, dedicated study. Polystoma spp. cultures provide an intriguing model for examining evolution in monogeneans because they exhibit two alternative phenotypes depending on the age of infection of amphibians. Furthermore, assessments of the ecological, pathological and immunological effects of fish parasites in aquaculture have been achieved through cultures of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 spp., Benedenia seriolae (Yamaguti, 1934), Neobenedenia Yamaguti, 1963 spp. and Zeuxapta seriolae (Meserve, 1938). This review critically examines methods to establish and maintain in vivo monogenean monocultures on finfish, elasmobranchs and amphibians. Four separate approaches to establish cultures are scrutinised including the collection of live infected hosts, cohabiting recipient hosts with infected stock, cohabiting hosts with parasite eggs or oncomiracidia (larvae) and direct transfer of live adult parasites onto new fish hosts. Specific parasite species' biology and behaviour permits predictive collection of parasite life stages to effectively maintain a continuous culture, while environmental parameters can be altered to manipulate parasite generation time. Parasite virulence and biosecurity are vital components of a well-managed culture to ensure appropriate animal welfare and uncontaminated surrounding environments. Contemporary approaches and techniques are reviewed to ensure optimised monogenean cultures, which ultimately can be used to further our understanding of aquatic parasitology and identify mechanisms to limit infestations in public aquaria, ornamental trade and intensive aquaculture
Expanding the Vector Control Toolbox for Malaria Elimination: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.
Full text linkAdditional vector control tools (VCTs) are needed to supplement insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) to achieve malaria elimination in many settings. To identify options for expanding the malaria vector control toolbox, we conducted a systematic review of the availability and quality of the evidence for 21 malaria VCTs, excluding ITNs and IRS.
Six electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched from January 1, 1980 to September 28, 2015 to identify systematic reviews, Phase I-IV studies, and observational studies that measured the effect of malaria VCTs on epidemiological or entomological outcomes across any age groups in all malaria-endemic settings. Eligible studies were summarized qualitatively, with quality and risk of bias assessments undertaken where possible. Of 17,912 studies screened, 155 were eligible for inclusion and were included in a qualitative synthesis.
Across the 21 VCTs, we found considerable heterogeneity in the volume and quality of evidence, with 7 VCTs currently supported by at least one Phase III community-level evaluation measuring parasitologically confirmed malaria incidence or infection prevalence (insecticide-treated clothing and blankets, insecticide-treated hammocks, insecticide-treated livestock, larval source management (LSM), mosquito-proofed housing, spatial repellents, and topical repellents). The remaining VCTs were supported by one or more Phase II (n=13) or Phase I evaluation (n=1). Overall the quality of the evidence base remains greatest for LSM and topical repellents, relative to the other VCTs evaluated, although existing evidence indicates that topical repellents are unlikely to provide effective population-level protection against malaria.
Despite substantial gaps in the supporting evidence, several VCTs may be promising supplements to ITNs and IRS in appropriate settings. Strengthening operational capacity and research to implement underutilized VCTs, such as LSM and mosquito-proofed housing, using an adaptive, learning-by-doing approach, while expanding the evidence base for promising supplementary VCTs that are locally tailored, should be considered central to global malaria elimination efforts
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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