69 research outputs found
Can't take the trauma out of my mind and body : a result of classical conditioning processes?
No full textIntrusive memories as conditioned responses to trauma cues: an empirically supported concept? Laila K. Franke, Julina A. Rattel, Stephan F. Miedl, Sarah K. Danböck, Paul-Christian Bürkner, Frank H. WilhelmNeuroscientific evidence for pain being a classically conditioned response to trauma- and pain-related cues in humans Laila K. Franke, Stephan F. Miedl, Sarah K. Danböck, Michael Liedlgruber, Markus Grill, Martin Kronbichler, Herta Flor, Frank H. WilhelmEstradiol during (analogue-)trauma: risk- or protective factor for intrusive re-experiencing? Laila K. Franke, Stephan F. Miedl, Sarah K. Danböck, Johanna Lohse, Michael Liedlgruber, Paul-Christian Bürkner, Belinda Pletzer, Frank H. Wilhelmsubmitted by: Laila K. Franke, MSc.Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 162-175Kumulative Dissertation aus drei ArtikelnDissertation Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg 202
Can't take the trauma out of my mind and body : a result of classical conditioning processes?
No full textIntrusive memories as conditioned responses to trauma cues: an empirically supported concept? Laila K. Franke, Julina A. Rattel, Stephan F. Miedl, Sarah K. Danböck, Paul-Christian Bürkner, Frank H. WilhelmNeuroscientific evidence for pain being a classically conditioned response to trauma- and pain-related cues in humans Laila K. Franke, Stephan F. Miedl, Sarah K. Danböck, Michael Liedlgruber, Markus Grill, Martin Kronbichler, Herta Flor, Frank H. WilhelmEstradiol during (analogue-)trauma: risk- or protective factor for intrusive re-experiencing? Laila K. Franke, Stephan F. Miedl, Sarah K. Danböck, Johanna Lohse, Michael Liedlgruber, Paul-Christian Bürkner, Belinda Pletzer, Frank H. Wilhelmsubmitted by: Laila K. Franke, MSc.Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 162-175Kumulative Dissertation aus drei ArtikelnDissertation Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg 202
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry / Lifetime adversity interacts with peritraumatic data-driven processing to predict intrusive memories
No full textBackground and objectives
Although most trauma survivors experience some intrusive recollections of the traumatic event, only few subsequently develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A well-established proximal risk-factor predictive of post-trauma psychopathology is peritraumatic cognitive processing. Another, more distal risk-factor is pre-trauma lifetime adversity. The present experimental analogue study tested the hypothesis that pre-trauma lifetime adversity interacts with peritraumatic perceptual (i.e., data-driven) processing to predict intrusive memory development.
Methods
Fifty-three young adult women (non-clinical sample) indicated how much data-driven and conceptual processing they had engaged in while watching aversive film-clips (i.e., analogue trauma). On the subsequent three days, they reported intrusions of those clips. Moderation analyses tested for an interaction effect between lifetime adversity and data-driven processing in predicting intrusion load (number of intrusions weighted for their overall distress).
Results
Increased data-driven processing predicted intrusion load primarily in individuals reporting more than three lifetime adversities, explaining 55% of variance. No such relationship was found for conceptual processing.
Limitations
Present analogue findings have yet to be replicated in a clinical population. Moreover, the conceptual processing scale was restricted by low internal consistency.
Conclusion
Present findings support the idea that intrusions are the result of poorly elaborated and primarily perceptually-formed memory traces; however, this was primarily the case in vulnerable individuals reporting several lifetime adversities. Results replicate the importance of peritraumatic processing in intrusion development but additionally point to a moderating effect of lifetime adversity.Julina A. Rattel, Stephan F. Miedl, Laila K. Franke, Thomas Ehring, Frank H. Wilhel
BMC Psychiatry / Risk assessment and reward processing in problem gambling investigated by event-related potentials and fMRI-constrained source analysis
No full textBackground: The temporo-spatial dynamics of risk assessment and reward processing in problem gamblers with a focus on an ecologically valid design has not been examined previously. Methods: We investigated risk assessment and reward processing in 12 healthy male occasional gamblers (OG) and in 12 male problem gamblers (PG) with a combined EEG and fMRI approach to identify group-differences in successively activated brain regions during two stages within a quasi-realistic blackjack game. Results: Both groups did not differ in reaction times but event-related potentials in PG and OG produced significantly different amplitudes in middle and late time-windows during high-risk vs. low-risk decisions. Applying an fMRI-constrained regional source model during risk assessment resulted in larger source moments in PG in the high-risk vs. low-risk comparison in thalamic, orbitofrontal and superior frontal activations within the 600-800 ms time window. During reward processing, PG showed a trend to enhanced negativity in an early time window (100-150 ms) potentially related to higher rostral anterior cingulate activity and a trend to centro-parietal group-differences in a later time window (390-440 ms) accompanied by increased superior-frontal (i.e., premotor-related) source moments in PG vs. OG. Conclusions: We suggest that problem gambling is characterized by stronger cue-related craving during risk assessment. Reward processing is associated with early affective modulation followed by increased action preparation for ongoing gambling in PG.Stephan F. Miedl, Thorsten Fehr, Manfred Herrmann and Gerhard Meye
Neurobiological Correlates of Pathological Gambling: Temporo-Spatial Evidence Derived from fMRI and EEG Studies
No full textIn the first study functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in occasional gamblers (OG) and pathological gamblers (PG) were obtained during a quasi-realistic blackjack game. The present experiment focused on neuronal correlates of risk assessment and reward processing. Participants had to decide whether to draw or not to draw a card in a high-risk or low-risk blackjack situation. It was assumed, that PG would show differences in prefrontal and ventral striatal brain regions in comparison to OG during risk assessment and as a consequence of winning or losing money. Although both groups did not differ with respect to behavioral data, blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals in PG and OG significantly differed in thalamic, inferior frontal, and superior temporal regions. Whereas PG demonstrated a consistent signal increase during high-risk situations and a decrease in low-risk situations, OG presented the opposite pattern. During reward processing as derived from contrasting winning vs. losing situations, both PG and OG groups showed an enhancement of ventral striatal and posterior cingulate activity. Furthermore, PG demonstrated a distinct fronto-parietal activation pattern which has been discussed to reflect a cue-induced addiction memory network triggered by gambling-related cues. The second experiment investigated event-related potentials (ERPs) in occasional gamblers (OG) and pathological gamblers (PG) during a quasi-realistic blackjack scenario to examine regional source (RS) models of risk assessment and reward processing based on fMRI activation patterns from experiment 1. Participants had to decide whether (to draw) or not to draw a card in a high-risk or low-risk blackjack situation. Although both groups did not differ in behavioral data, ERP signals in PG and OG significantly differed in P3b and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes on high-risk vs. low-risk decisions. An fMRI constrained RS model during risk assessment yielded larger source moments in PG in the high-risk vs. low-risk comparison during early time windows in frontal and temporal brain regions, followed by thalamic, frontal, and temporal activations within later time windows. During reward processing, as derived from contrasting winning vs. losing situations, PG demonstrated enhanced fronto-central N1 amplitude and centro-parietal differences in the P3b time window. There were larger source moments in PG during early time windows in fronto-central and parietal networks, followed by middle frontal source activity in the 400-450 ms (millisecond) time window. Pathological gambling (PGG) is suggested to be reflected by early risk-related frontal and temporal modulations, which became not significant in ERPs, followed by enhanced P3b amplitude, probably associated with intensified evaluation processing or context updating in high-risk decisions. LPP enhancement in high-risk decisions in PG might represent stronger cue-related craving or arousal, potentially triggered by thalamic, frontal, and temporal generators. Early N1 enhancement in PG during win trials might reflect early attentional processing, probably generated in anterior cingulate cortex. Later valence-related P3b modulations in PG point to increased context updating with underlying frontal sources. To conclude, high-risk as well as win situations might serve as cues in PG reflected in stronger activations in arousal-related brain networks
The neural basis of impulsive discounting in pathological gamblers
No full textPathological gambling is thought to result from a shift of balance between two competing neurobiological mechanisms: on the one hand the reward system involved in the regulation of the urge to get rewards and on the other hand the top-down control system. Fifteen pathological gamblers (PG) and fifteen healthy controls (HC) were studied in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment where participants had to choose either a smaller, but immediately available monetary reward (SIR) or a larger delayed reward (LDR). We examined contrasts between LDR and SIR decisions. Additionally, we contrasted choices near the individual indifference point (indifferent decisions) and clear SIR or LDR choices (sure decisions). Behavioral data confirmed former results of steeper discount rates in PG. Contrasting choices of LDR vs. SIR showed widespread bilateral activations in PG, including postcentral gyrus, thalamus, superior/medial frontal gyrus and cingulate gyrus, whereas HC demonstrated only focal left-sided pre/postcentral activity. Forgoing an immediate reward thus recruits a widespread brain network including typical control areas. Indifferent vs. sure decisions were associated with widespread activation in PG, including the bilateral fronto-parietal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, and striatum, whereas in HC, only bilateral frontal cortex and insula were activated. The reverse contrast demonstrated more activity for sure decisions in the cingulate gyrus, insula, and medial frontal gyrus in HC, whereas PG showed inferior parietal and superior temporal activity. The present study demonstrates that pathological gambling is associated with a shift in the interplay between a prefrontal-parietal control network and a brain network involved in immediate reward consumption
Formal comparison of dual-parameter temporal discounting models in controls and pathological gamblers.
No full textTemporal or delay discounting refers to the phenomenon that the value of a reward is discounted as a function of time to delivery. A range of models have been proposed that approximate the shape of the discount curve describing the relationship between subjective value and time. Recent evidence suggests that more than one free parameter may be required to accurately model human temporal discounting data. Nonetheless, many temporal discounting studies in psychiatry, psychology and neuroeconomics still apply single-parameter models, despite their oftentimes poor fit to single-subject data. Previous comparisons of temporal discounting models have either not taken model complexity into account, or have overlooked particular models. Here we apply model comparison techniques in a large sample of temporal discounting datasets using several discounting models employed in the past. Among the models examined, an exponential-power model from behavioural economics (CS model, Ebert & Prelec 2007) provided the best fit to human laboratory discounting data. Inter-parameter correlations for the winning model were moderate, whereas they were substantial for other dual-parameter models examined. Analyses of previous group and context effects on temporal discounting with the winning model provided additional theoretical insights. The CS model may be a useful tool in future psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience work on inter-temporal choice
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