1,721,005 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Reactions of a macrobenthic community to anoxia: behaviour and mortality sequences in a time-lapse camera experiment in the Gulf of Trieste
No full textHypoxien und Anoxien in seichten Küstengewässern stellen ein weltweites Problem dar (Diaz und Rosenberg 2008). Wenn der Anteil an gelöstem Sauerstoff im Wasser unter 2 ml l-1 (Hypoxie) sinkt oder ganz verschwindet (Anoxia) kommt es unter anderem zu Verhaltensveränderungen und physiologischen Anpassungen (Diaz und Rosenberg 1995; Vismann 1991, Mangum 1973), die es den Organismen erlauben kurzfristig Störungen zu überleben. Halten hypoxische und anoxische Bedingungen jedoch über einen längeren Zeitpunkt an, können großflächige Massensterben auftreten. Zwei Faktoren, die Schichtung der Wassersäule (Stratifizierung) sowie der Anstieg der Planktonbiomasse durch Eutrophierung, lassen die Anzahl der betroffenen Gebiete deutlich ansteigen. Über 400 so genannte "dead-zones" wurden bereits beschrieben. Ca. 50% davon sind einmal im Jahr hypoxisch, 17% weniger als einmal im Jahr, und 8% sind permanent hypoxisch (Diaz und Rosenberg 2008).
Die Nordadria ist wegen der geringen Tiefe (< 35 m), dem schlammigen Boden, dem hohen Süßwassereinstroms (v.a. durch den Fluss Po, Italien), der hohen Produktivität und der Schichtung der Wassersäule im Spätsommer, ein sehr empfindliches Ökosystem (Stachowitsch und Avcin 1987). Der Großteil der nördlichen Adria wird von macrobenthischen Bodengemeinschaften bedeckt. Im Golf von Trieste setzt sie sich Großteils aus dem Schwamm Reniera spp., dem Schlangenstern Ophiothrix quinquemaculata und der Seescheide Microcosmus sulcatus zusammen, und wird deshalb auch die Ophiothrix-Reniera-Microcosmus Gemeinschaft (ORM-Gemeinschaft) genannt (Fedra et al. 1976). Diese filtrierende Gemeinschaft umfasst ca. 370 ± 73 g m-2 Nassgewicht. Die filtrierenden Organismen können ca. 5% der pelagischen Biomasse pro Tag abbauen (Ott und Fedra 1977) und werden deshalb auch als Puffer oder "natürliche Eutrophierungskontrolle" bezeichnet (Officer et al. 1982).
Seit dem dramatischen Anstieg der Eutrophierung kommt es weltweit auch immer öfter zu solchen Sauerstoffkrisen (Gray et al. 2002). Die hohe Primärproduktion im Meer führt anfänglich zu einem Anstieg der Biomasse der Bodenorganismen. Im Frühling kommt es durch die Stratifizierung zu einer Trennung der oberen, sauerstoffreichen von der unteren, sauerstoffärmeren Wasserschicht. Die Bodenorganismen verbrauchen während des Sommers weiteren Sauerstoff und verstärken so die hypoxischen Bedingungen. Im Winter kommt es dann zu einer Durchmischung der kompletten Wassersäule und die Bodenorganismen wachsen wieder. Eutrophierung verstärkt den Effekt der Stratifizierung und führt zur Bildung des so genannten Meeresschnees. Wenn sich dieser über der Sprungschicht ansammelt, wird er auch als "falscher Benthos" bezeichnet. Durch das Auflösen der Sprungschicht, sinkt dieser Meeresschnee zu Boden und bedeckt große Flächen der benthischen Lebensgemeinschaften, die dann aufgrund des Sauerstoffmangels sterben (Ott 1992; Ott und Stachowitsch 1992). Eine „natürliche“ Sauerstoffkrise im Jahr 1983 wurde von Stachowitsch (1984, 1986) photographisch dokumentiert.
Mit einem neuen Unterwassergerät, dem Experimental Anoxia Generating Unit (EAGU), das mit Foto- und Sensorausrüstung ausgestattet ist, wurden in einer Tiefe von 24 m im Golf von Trieste in situ Hypoxien und Anoxien induziert. Mit den Fotos und den dazugehörigen Sauerstoffwerten war es möglich, das Auftreten atypischer Verhaltensweisen bestimmter Sauerstoffgrenzwerten (beginnende Hypoxie: ≤ 2 ml l-1 DO; moderate Hypoxie: ≤ 1 ml l-1 DO; schwere Hypoxie: ≤ 0.5 ml l-1 DO sowie Anoxie: 0 ml l-1 DO) zuzuordnen. Während beginnender Hypoxie kommt zum Beispiel die infaunale Muschel Corbula gibba aus dem Sediment heraus und Einsiedlerkrebse (Paguristes eremita) zeigen einen deutlichen Anstieg an Lokomotion. Der Schlangenstern Ophiothrix quinquemaculata reagiert mit einer veränderten Armposition und beginnt entweder sich auf die Arme zu stellen oder sich eng an das Substrat zu ziehen. Die Seescheide Microcosmus sulcatus beginnt mit Körperkontraktionen und schließt währenddessen die beiden Siphonöffnungen. Unter moderater Hypoxie verlassen infaunale Polychaeten das Sediment. Sedimentbewegungen darauf hin deutet, dass der infaunale Seeigel Schizaster canaliferus bald an der Sedimentoberfläche erscheint. Sichtbar wird er (unter anderem auch der Schlangensterne Ophiura spp.) erst in der Kategorie "schwerer Hypoxie". Weiters lässt der epifaunale, reguläre Seeigel Psammechinus microtuberculatus seine Tarnung (z.B. Muschelstücke) los. Erste Mortalitäten (alle ausgewerteten Individuen der Art O. quinquemaculata) traten unter schwerer Hypoxie auf. Mit Ausnahme von C. gibba starben alle anderen Tiere bis zum Ende des Experimentes (Anoxie nach ~ 48 Stunden; H2S 17.9 µM).
Diese Arbeit, eingebettet in ein vom FWF gefördertes Projekt, ist ein erster Schritt um (1) einen Verhaltenskatalog unterschiedlicher Arten in Bezug zu verschiedenen Sauerstoffgrenzwerten zu erstellen, und (2) empfindliche und tolerante Arten für die Nordadria zu bestimmen um zukünftig in situ rasch den Status und die Stabilität des Ökosystems zu bestimmen.Hypoxia and anoxia are key threats to shallow coastal ecosystems worldwide, and the northern Adriatic Sea is a case study for such sensitive seas. Benthic community collapse during low dissolved oxygen (DO) events is not a gradual process, but involves a series of sudden steps. Using a new underwater device, the Experimental Anoxia Generating Unit (EAGU), equipped with time-lapse camera and sensor equipment, we artificially induced anoxia in a sublittoral macrobenthic community in 24 m depth in the northern Adriatic Sea. The deployment shows that the oxygen levels beginning (≤ 2 ml l-1 DO), moderate (≤ 1 ml l-1 DO), severe hypoxia (≤ 0.5 ml l-1 DO) and anoxia (0 ml l-1 DO) cause a series of different atypical behaviours and lead to mortality. Under beginning hypoxia the hermit crabs Paguristes eremita left their hiding places under multi-species clumps and moved around actively. Moderate hypoxia caused the emergence from the sediment of polychaetes and the infaunal sea urchin Schizaster canaliferus. At severe hypoxia the epifaunal sea urchin Psammechinus microtuberculatus discarded its camouflage and the first mortality in the brittle star Ophiothrix quinquemaculata occurred. In the present deployment, anoxia caused mortality in all organisms except the bivalve Corbula gibba. Whereas some behaviours are reversible, mortalities lead to long-term shifts in the benthic community and thereby alter the whole ecosystem.
The observations in the evaluated deployment are a step forward in compiling a generally valid catalogue of behaviours, a list of sensitive and tolerant species, and a range of potential community compositions. This can help to determine the status and stability of such benthic ecosystems in situ
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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