323,538 research outputs found
Sexual transmission of HIV, part 2 : specialty session
No full textMeeting: International Conference on AIDS, 5th, 4-9 June, 1989, Montreal, QC, CAPresenters: Susan J. Davidson, Schlomo Staszewski, Nancy S. Padian, Mindell Seidlin, Neal A. Halsey, Paolo Costigliol
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Fully Integrated SAW-Less Discrete-Time Superheterodyne Receiver
No full textThere are nowadays strong business and technical demands to integrate radio- frequency (RF) receivers (RX) into a complete system-on-chip (SoC) realized in scaled digital processes technology. As a consequence, the RF circuitry has to function well in face of reduced power supply ( V DD ) while the CMOS device threshold voltage ( V th ) stays almost constant. Therefore, a conventional or continuous-time (CT) approach could not be efficiently utilized to design and implement the SoC, whereas a discrete-time (DT) approach offers the advantage for RF building blocks to operate properly in a smaller headroom. Furthermore, in finer CMOS technologies, transit frequency ( f T ) increases while CT RF building blocks do not benefit except for low-noise amplifiers (LNA). However, the performance of DT RF building blocks improves because of the higher sampling frequency ( f s ), lower power supply, and sharper clock edges provided by technology scaling. Nowadays, most integrated RF receivers are zero-IF (ZIF) because of well- known advantages such as less complicated architecture and easy channel-selection integration. They require many external duplexers, surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, and switches, typically one per band, to attenuate out-of-band (OB) blockers. However, there are many issues associated with ZIF receivers such as time-variant DC offsets, sensitivity to 1 /f (flicker) noise, large in-band LO leakage, and second- order nonlinearity. For solving those issues, high-performance cellular SAW-less ZIF receivers now require extensive calibration efforts. For example, an intensive input 2 nd -order intercept point (IIP2) calibration must be simultaneously operated in the background with DC offset and harmonic rejection (HR) calibrations. Also, this calibration is susceptible to many factors such as variations in power supply, process corner, temperature, RF blocker frequency, local oscillator (LO) frequency, LO power, and channel frequency. On the other hand, a superheterodyne architecture pushes the IF frequency much higher so that the aforementioned problems are eliminated. Despite the advantages, the superheterodyne radios have not been utilized in cellular receivers simply because of the difficulty with integration of a high quality (Q)-factor band-pass filter (BPF) for image rejection in CMOS using CT circuitry. In this thesis, a new class of filters, i.e., charge-sharing (CS), is discussed that is being invented and developed to be utilized in not only superheterodyne but also in ZIF receivers. The proposed filter not only filters OB-blockers but also rejects interferers at the harmonic of LO frequency which is an extraordinary advantage especially for SAW-less receivers when there is no external filtering prior to the receiver input. Using these techniques, for the first-time ever, the superheterodyne receiver is proposed that meets the specification for SAW-less receivers. Chapter 1 briefly provides an overview of the blocks inside conventional RF radio transceivers. It mentions that there is a tendency in RF transceivers to support many of the multi-mode/multi-band communication standards such as Fourth Generation (4G) cellular application, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi in one SoC. Also, the organization of the thesis has been described in details in this chapter. Chapter 2 establishes a common background for this thesis. Furthermore, it provides the background information for different sampling modes of operation such as subsampling (1x), half-rate sampling (2x) and full-rate sampling (4x) together with their frequency translations. Also, the technical mathematic background related to nonlinearity is briefly consolidated in this chapter. Chapter 3 discusses the first implemented DT superheterodyne receiver that utilizes the full-rate (4x) sampling mode of operation to solve a number of issues related to previous DT receivers. Chapter 4 explores performance capabilities and limitations of the proposed CS-BPF. A complex quadrature charge-sharing technique is proposed to implement a CS-BPF with a programmable bandwidth. It operates at the full sampling rate (4x), which was described in Chapter 2. Also, the complete noise analysis of the proposed CS-BPF is investigated. Additionally, the CT model of the CS-BPF is presented, and the filtering characteristic of proposed model has excellent agreement with the simulation result of the DT circuit. Finally, the implemented chip is fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, and the measured results are compared with simulations. Chapter 5 explores the possibility of creating a high quality (Q)-factor BPF at a very high IF because the CS-BPF proposed in Chapter 4 does not provide adequate selectivity. As a result, a highly reconfigurable superheterodyne RX is proposed that employs a 3rd-order complex IQ CS-BPF for image rejection and 1st-order feedback based RF-BPF for channel selection filtering. The proposed RX is the first attempt to achieve high-Q factor BPF at a very high-IF without replicas and images. Furthermore, the chip is fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology, and the simulated results are completely verified by the measured results. Chapter 6 proposes and demonstrates the first-ever fully integrated SAW-less superheterodyne receiver for 4G cellular applications. The low-power DT RX introduces various innovations that simultaneously improve noise and linearity performance: a highly linear wideband noise-canceling LNTA, a blocker-resilient octal CS-BPF, and a cascaded harmonic rejection circuitry. The chip is fabricated in 28 nm CMOS technology, the characteristics of the fabricated chip are extensively measured, and the results are compared with the simulations. Chapter 7 draws the conclusions of this thesis work and provides recommendations for future research.Microelectronics & Computer EngineeringElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Author's address:
No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
ADPLL Design for WiMAX
No full textThe frequency synthesizer, which functions as a local oscillator, is a critical block in the transceiver. It needs to meet very stringent specifications and consume as less power as possible. Design of a traditional charge-pump PLL as the frequency synthesizer in the advanced CMOS technologies in the transceiver of advanced communication systems proves to be not an easy work and is becoming difficult due to the supply shrink. The ADPLL system, which defines every essential block with digital interface, proves to be an excellent alternative. This thesis deals with the system level design of ADPLL for the WiMAX standard. The architecture of the ADPLL is presented, with the functional illustration for every building block, like DCO and TDC. The ADPLL system is modeled and described in Cadence using Verilog-AMS/Verilog. The performance of the system is analyzed in s-domain. Some advanced algorithms have been applied to the ADPLL system. The spur mechanism in the near-integer N cases is proposed and verified. The phase rotation algorithm and the FREF dithering algorithm have been adopted to effectively suppress these spurs. The top level issues of ADPLL are tackled, with emphasis on the test plan and the operation modes of the system. The behavior level simulation results of the system are presented and the performance summary is given. The transistor level design of a basic DPA is presented. The layout for the important blocks is done and the practical concerns of the DPA design are discussed. The post-extraction simulation results are shown.MicroelectronicsMicroelectronics & Computer EngineeringElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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