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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Pinsko pavieto bajoro Teodoro Radzevičiaus siūlymai dėl Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajoriškų teismų veiklos pagerinimo (XVIII amžiaus pabaigoje)
Get PDFThis article analyzes the project for the improvement of the activities of the nobility (land, castle, border, arbitral tribunal and the Supreme Tribunal of Lithuania) courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania prepared by Teodor Rodziewicz, a nobleman of the Pinsk district, having the title of cup-bearer. The aim is to reveal the main reasons for the flawed activities of the nobility courts, as singled out by the author of the manuscript, and to discuss his suggestions, which were aimed at remedying this situation. The most important postulates of the judicial reform proposed by T. Rodziewicz were the following: general election of judges, introduction of the fixed terms of office for judges, extension of the areas of responsibility of judges, and collegial examination of cases. Some of these principles were implemented in the Four-Year Sejm.Straipsnyje analizuojamas Pinsko pavieto taurininko Teodoro Radzevičiaus parengtas Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajoriškų teismų (žemės, pilies, ribų, trečiųjų ir Lietuvos Vyriausiojo Tribunolo) veiklos pagerinimo projektas. Siekiama atskleisti pagrindines rankraščio autoriaus išskirtas ydingos bajoriškų teismų veiklos priežastis ir aptarti jo siūlymus, kurie turėjo šią padėtį ištaisyti. Svarbiausi T. Radzevičiaus siūlomos teismų reformos postulatai buvo šie: visuotinis teisėjų renkamumas, teisėjų kadencijų įvedimas, teisėjų atsakomybės ribų išplėtimas, kolegialus bylų nagrinėjimas. Dalis šių principų buvo įgyvendinti Ketverių metų Seime
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Cases of document falsification in legal practice of the Supreme Tribunal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (late eighteenth century)
No full textReikšminiai žodžiai: Dokumentas; Klastojimas; Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Vyriausiasis Tribunolas; Teismo praktika; Document; Falsification; Supreme Tribunal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Legal practiceThis article analyses allegations in document falsification that were investigated by the Supreme Tribunal ofthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late eighteenth century. The objective was to reveal key tendencies in document falsification, the praxis of proving the felony in court and the nature of sentencing of the forgers (or those who failed to prove the fact of falsification). The research allowed presenting following conclusions. In the late eighteenth century the Supreme Tribunal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was mainly involved in cases brought against lower rank court officers. The allegations were brought forward both because of the abuse of office and also because of the inefficient legislation in ensuring necessary control of the books. Attempts to introduce legislation regarding work of the offices and to eliminate opportunities for falsification were not successful because of the desire by office clerks to gain illegal income as well as for other reasons. Because of that there were some instances of document falsification in the Supreme Tribunal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well. In investigating cases of document falsification, the Tribunal was relying on arguments presented by the opposing sides of the case, also performing visual inspection of the presented documents. The judges would take into account various marks of the documents, their compliance to legal requirements and the established practices. One of the most common ways of falsification was through the use of regular forms. The process of discovering the author of the forgery and sentencing him was very complicated. Such nature of the process, and strict penalties for the individuals who failed to prove the allegation, meant that often the only request by the plaintiffs would be to declare the document a forgery. In the late eighteenth century certain sanctions of the law were not applied by the Supreme Tribunal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in cases against forgers of documents (i.e. death penalty). In court cases where it was demanded to penalise an alleged forger ora person who failed to prove the allegation, we may observe several tendencies: 1) avoidance to maintain the law to the letter; 2) failure to apply sanctions by finding justification in notional circumstances, or simply denying obvious facts; 3) leniency in sentencing and ordering of alternative punishments (usually sentencing to a short period of incarceration in the higher tower of prison)
Literary aspirations of Antanas Klementas
No full textStraipsnyje nagrinėjama Antano Klemento kūryba, kurią bandoma paaiškinti remiantis jo biografijos faktais. Pateikti Klementų šeimos istorijos duomenys rodo Antano Klemento iškilimą giminėje – smulkios bajorijos atstovas tapo pavieto (vėliau apskrities) pareigūnų elito nariu. Keliama hipotezė, jog sumanymas parengti rankraštinę eilėraščių knygą buvo susijęs su visuomenėje pasiekto statuso įprasminimu ir buvo pradėtas realizuoti 1803 arba 1804 m. Taip Klementas norėjo įsiamžinti giminės istorijoje ir būti pavyzdys (tiek karjeros, tiek gyvenimo būdo atžvilgiu) savo palikuonims. Poetas puoselėjo tam tikras intelektines aspiracijas, tikėjosi savo kūrybos įvertinimo ir sklaidos. Straipsnyje siekiama pateikti sociokultūrinį Žemaitijos bajoro portretą, atskleisti jo kūrybinių aspiracijų šaltinius. Plačiau yra analizuojamos pragmatinės Klemento rašymo intencijos – „pedagoginiai“ tekstai, skirti vaikų moralinėms nuostatoms ugdyti, ir proginė literatūra, kurios adresatai – autoriui asmeniškai pažįstami žmonės. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Antanas Klementas; Literatūra (XIX amžius); Didaktinė poezija (lietuvių); Antanas Klementas; Lithuanian literature of the nineteenth century; Lithuanian didactic poetryThe paper deals with literary works of Antanas Klementas, which are interpreted on the basis of the facts from his biography. The data of the history of the Klementas family point to the social advancement of Antanas Klementas among his relatives: a representative of the impoverished nobility, he managed to become a member of an elite public service of a district, and later of a county. A hypothesis is suggested that his idea to publish a manuscript as a book of poems might have been be related to his wish to impart meaning to the achieved social status, and he began working on it in 1803 or 1804. In this way Klementas wanted to immortalize himself in the history of his family and to set an example to his offspring in the sense of both his career and his lifestyle. Since the poet cherished certain intellectual aspirations, he expected his works to be appreciated and disseminated. The present paper analyses pragmatic intentions of Klementas’s writing: occasional literature addressed to the people the author knew personally and "didactic" texts aimed at developing the moral attitudes in his children
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Four-year sejms reform of the courts of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
No full textStraipsnyje aptariama Ketvertų metų seime įvykdyta Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorų teismų reforma. Remiantis instrukcijomis pasiuntiniams į Seimą ir Seime priimtais įstatymais, pristatomi pilies, žemės, pakamario ir Lietuvos Vyriausiojo Tribunolo teismai bei jų pertvarka, po kurios buvo įkurtos naujos, modernesniais pagrindais veikiančios institucijos. Įvyko svarbūs pavietų teismų veiklos organizavimo ir teisėjų darbo reglamentavimo pokyčiai: buvo keičiama teismų sudėtis, nustatoma nauja teisėjų rinkimo tvarka (įvestas visuotinis teisėjų renkamumas ir teisėjų kadencijos), detaliau apibrėžiama teismų kompetencija, reglamentuojama teismų ir jų raštinių veikla. Kita vertus, teismai išliko luominiai, liko neatskirta administracinė ir teisingumo vykdymo veikla, nekeltas teisėjų profesionalumo klausimas, taip pat smarkiai skyrėsi teismų organizacija ir veiklos principai net ir vieno luomo viduje (ir toliau neegzistavo bendrais pagrindais veikiančios teismų sistemos). Reikšminiai žodžiai: Ketverių metų seimas, Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, bajorai, teismai, reforma.The article sets out to discuss the reform of the courts of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania carried out by the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792). The author makes use of the instructions issued to the delegates to the Four-Year Sejm, as well as the laws passed by the Sejm itself, to present castle, land and border courts, as well as the Lithuanian Tribunal and their reorganisation, as a result of which new institutions operating on a more modern basis were established. Although the Polish nobility envisaged a centralised and unified state, a common legal code for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (drawn up by the Constitution of 3 May 1791), and institutions operating on an equal footing, the representatives from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania often secured separate laws (in the case of the delineation commission and the Lithuanian Tribunal), or at least supplementary laws (in the case of the landowners’ law court). For this reason, some differences remained in the organisation and operation of the courts of the two constituent states of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result of the reforms, important changes took place in the organisation of land courts and the regulation of the activity of judges: the composition of the courts was changed, a new procedure for electing judges was introduced (the introduction of the general election of judges and their terms of office), and the competence of the courts and the regulation of the activities of the courts and their offices were defined in greater detail. On the other hand, the judiciary still remained estate-dependent; there was no separation between administrative and judicial functions, the issue of the professionalism of the judges was not raised, and the organisation and operating principles of the judiciary differed significantly, even within a single estate (judicial systems operating on a unified basis did not yet exist). The laws passed by the Four-Year Sejm sought to define in some detail the structure of the courts and the duties of the judges and other officials (in this respect, referring to the ideas of the Enlightenment to create the most comprehensive and clear law possible), but important organisational issues, such as the courts’ location, their maintenance, and judges’ salaries, were not fully resolved. Keywords: Four-Year Sejm, Grand Duchy ofLithuania, nobility, courts, reform
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