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Detection Of An Untyped Strain Of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus In A Dairy Herd
Get PDFBovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes important lower respiratory tract illness in calves. According to F and G proteins genetic sequences, three BRSV subgroups have been reported and characterized in several countries, showing differences in its distribution. In Brazil, the virus is widely disseminated throughout the herds and the few characterized isolates revealed the solely occurrence of the subgroup B. This study describes the detection and characterization of an untyped BRSV strain from a twenty-days-old calf from a herd without clinical respiratory disease. Nasal swabs were analyzed by RT-nested PCR for the F and G proteins genes. One sample has amplified the F protein gene. Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic reconstruction were accomplished, revealing that the strain could not be grouped with any other BRSV subgroups reported. This result may suggest that the BRSV is in constantly evolution, even in Brazil, where the vaccination is not a common practice. More detailed studies about BRSV characterization are necessary to know the virus subgroups distribution among the Brazilian herds to recommend appropriated immunoprophylaxis.35525392550Affonso, I.B., Gatti, S.P., Alexandrino, B., Oliveira, M.C., Medeiros, A.S.R., Buzinaro, M.G., Samara, S.I., Detection of antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in dairy cattle with different prevalences of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) in São Paulo State, Brazil (2011) Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 32 (1), pp. 295-300. , LondrinaAlmeida, R.S., Domingues, H.G., Spilki, F.R., Larsen, L.E., Hagglund, S., Belák, S., Arns, C.W., Circulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Brazil (2006) Veterinary Record, 158 (18), pp. 632-634. , LondonAlmeida, R.S., Spilki, F.R., Roehe, P.M., Arns, C.W., Detection of Brazilian bovine respiratory syncytial virus strain by a reverse transcriptase-nestedpolymerase chain reaction in experimentally infected calves (2005) Veterinary Microbiology, 105 (2), pp. 131-135. , AmsterdamArns, C.W., Campalans, J., Costa, S.C.B., Domingues, H.G., D'Arce, R.C.F., Almeida, R.S., Characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolated in Brazil (2003) Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 36 (2), pp. 213-218. , Ribeirão PretoBaker, J.C., Frey, M., Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (1985) Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 1 (2), pp. 259-272. , PhiladelphiaBidokhti, M.R.M., Travén, M., Ohlson, A., Zarnegar, B., Baule, C., Belák, S., Alenius, S., Liu, L., Phylogenetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial viruses from recent outbreaks in feedlot and dairy cattle herds (2012) Archives of Virology, 157 (4), pp. 601-607. , New YorkBunt, A.A., Milne, R.G., Sayaya, T., Verbeek, M., Vetten, H.J., Walsh, J.A., Paramyxoviridae (2005) Virus Taxonomy, Eigth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, pp. 655-671. , In: FAUQUET, C. M.MAYO, M. A.MANILOFF, J.DESSELBERGER, U.BALL, L. A. (Ed.). London: Elsevier: Academic PressCampalans, J., Arns, C.W., Serological evidence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Brazil (1997) Virus Reviews and Research, 2 (1-2), pp. 50-56. , Belo HorizonteDomingues, H.G., Spilki, F.R., Arns, C.W., Detecção molecular e análise filogenética de vírus respiratório sincicial bovino (BRSV) em swabs e tecido pulmonar de bovinos adultos (2011) Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 31 (11), pp. 961-966. , Rio de JaneiroFurze, J.M., Roberts, S.R., Wertz, G.W., Taylor, G., Antigenically distinct G glycoproteins of BRSV strains share a high degree of genetic homogeneity (1997) Virology, 231 (1), pp. 48-58. , New YorkFurze, J., Wertz, G., Lerch, R., Taylor, G., Antigenic heterogeneity of the attachment protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (1994) Journal of General Virology, 75 (2), pp. 363-370. , LondonGonçalves, I.P.D., Simanke, A.T., Jost, H.C., Hötzel, I., Dal Soglio, A., Moojen, V., Detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in calves of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (1993) Ciência Rural, 23 (3), pp. 389-390. , Santa MariaHall, T.A., BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT (1999) Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, pp. 95-98. , OxfordLarsen, L.E., Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV): A review (2000) Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 41 (1), pp. 1-24. , CopenhagenLarsen, L.E., Tjornehoj, K., Viuff, B., Extensive sequence divergence among bovine respiratory syncytial viruses isolated during recurrent outbreaks in closed herds (2000) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38 (11), pp. 4222-4227. , WashingtonNettleton, P.F., Gilray, J.A., Caldow, G., Gidlow, J.R., Durkovic, B., Vilcek, S., Recent isolates of Bovine respiratory syncytial virus from Britain are more closely related to isolates from USA than to earlier British and current mainland European isolates (2003) Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 50 (4), pp. 196-199. , BerlinProzzi, D., Walravens, K., Langedijk, J.P., Daus, F., Kramps, J.A., Letesson, J.J., Antigenic and molecular analyses of the variability of bovine respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein (1997) Journal of General Virology, 78 (2), pp. 359-366. , LondonSchrijver, R.S., Daus, F., Kramps, J.A., Langedijk, J.P.M., Buijs, R., Middel, W.G.J., Taylor, G., Van Oirschot, J.T., Subgrouping of bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains detected in lung tissue (1996) Veterinary Microbiology, 53 (3-4), pp. 253-260. , AmsterdamSchrijver, R.S., Langedijk, J.P.M., Poel, V.D.M.W.H., Middel, W.G.J., Kramps, J.A., Van Oirschot, J.T., Antibody responses against the G and F proteins of bovine respiratory syncytial virus after experimental and natural infections (1996) Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 3 (5), pp. 500-506. , WashingtonSchrijver, R.S., Langedijk, J.P.M., Middel, W.G.J., Kramps, J.A., Rijsewijk, F.A.M., Van Oirschot, J.T., A bovine respiratory syncytial virus strain with mutations in subgroup-specific antigenic domains of the G protein induces partial heterologous protection in cattle (1998) Veterinary Microbiology, 63 (2-4), pp. 159-175. , AmsterdamSpilki, F.R., Almeida, R.S., Domingues, H.G., D'Arce, R.C.F., Ferreira, H.L., Campalans, J., Costa, S.C.B., Arns, C.W., Phylogenetic relationships of Brazilian bovine respiratory syncyctial virus isolates and molecular homology modeling of attachment glycoprotein (2006) Virus Research, 116 (1-2), pp. 161-168. , AmsterdamSpilki, F.R., Arns, C.W., Vírus respiratório sincicial bovino (2008) Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 36 (3), pp. 197-214. , Porto AlegreStine, L.C., Hoppe, D.K., Clayton, L.K., Sequence conservation in attachment glycoproteins and antigenic diversity among bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates (1997) Veterinary Microbiology, 54 (3-4), pp. 201-221. , AmsterdamTamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M., Kumar, S., MEGA 4: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0 (2007) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24 (8), pp. 1596-1599. , ChicagoTaylor, G., Stott, E.J., Furze, J., Ford, J., Sopp, P., Protective epitopes on the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus recognized by murine and bovine monoclonal antibodies (1992) Journal of General Virology, 73 (9), pp. 2217-2223. , LondonTaylor, G., Thomas, L.H., Furze, J.M., Cook, R.S., Wyld, S.G., Lerch, R., Hardy, R., Wertz, G.W., Recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the F, G or N, but not the M2, protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) induce resistance to BRSV challenge in the calf and protect against the development of pneumonic lesions (1997) Journal of General Virology, 78 (12), pp. 3195-3206. , LondonThomas, L.H., Cook, R.S., Wyld, S.G., Furze, J.M., Taylor, G., Passive protection of gnotobiotic calves using monoclonal antibodies directed at different epitopes on the fusion protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (1998) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 177 (4), pp. 874-880. , ChicagoThompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G., Gibson, T.J., Clustal W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gag penalties and weight matrix choice (1994) Nucleic Acids Research, 22 (22), pp. 4673-4680. , OxfordValarcher, J.F., Schelcher, F., Bourhy, H., Evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (2000) Journal of Virology, 74 (22), pp. 10714-10728. , WashingtonValarcher, J.F., Taylor, G., Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection (2007) Veterinary Research, 38 (2), pp. 153-180. , Les UlisPoel, V.D.W., Brand, A., Kramps, J.A., Van Oirschot, J.T., Respiratory syncytial virus infections in human beings and in cattle (1994) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 29 (2), pp. 215-228. , ChicagoVilcek, S., Elvander, M., Ballagi-Pordány, A., Belák, S., Development of nested PCR assays for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in clinical samples (1994) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32 (9), pp. 2225-2231. , WashingtonWoelk, C.H., Holmes, E.C., Variable immune-driven natural selection in the attachment (G) glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (2001) Journal of Molecular Evolution, 52 (2), pp. 182-192. , ChicagoYaegashi, G., Seimiya, Y.M., Seki, Y., Tsunemitsu, H., Genetic and antigenic analyses of bovine respiratory syncytial virus detected in Japan (2005) Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 67 (2), pp. 145-150. , Toky
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
A Brazilian glycoprotein E-negative bovine herpesvirus type 1.2a (BHV-1.2a) mutant is attenuated for cattle and induces protection against wild-type virus challenge
No full textThe authors previously reported the construction of a glycoprotein E-deleted (gE-) mutant of bovine herpesvirus type 1.2a (BHV-1.2a). This mutant, 265gE-, was designed as a vaccinal strain for differential vaccines, allowing the distinction between vaccinated and naturally infected cattle. In order to determine the safety and efficacy of this candidate vaccine virus, a group of calves was inoculated with 265gE-. The virus was detected in secretions of inoculated calves to lower titres and for a shorter period than the parental virus inoculated in control calves. Twenty one days after inoculation, the calves were challenged with the wild type parental virus. Only mild signs of infection were detected on vaccinated calves, whereas non-vaccinated controls displayed intense rhinotracheitis and shed virus for longer and to higher titres than vaccinated calves. Six months after vaccination, both vaccinated and control groups were subjected to reactivation of potentially latent virus. The mutant 265gE- could not be reactivated from vaccinated calves. The clinical signs observed, following the reactivation of the parental virus, were again much milder on vaccinated than on non-vaccinated calves. Moreover, parental virus shedding was considerably reduced on vaccinated calves at reactivation. In view of its attenuation, immunogenicity and protective effect upon challenge and reactivation with a virulent BHV-1, the mutant 265gE- was shown to be suitable for use as a BHV-1 differential vaccine viru
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Molecular Detection And Phylogenetic Analysis Of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (brsv) In Swabs And Lung Tissues Of Adult Cattle [detecção Molecular E Análise Filogenética De Vírus Respiratório Sincicial Bovino (brsv) Em Swabs E Tecido Pulmonar De Bovinos Adultos]
No full textBovine respiratory syncytial viruses virus (BRSV) is one of the etiologic agents of pneumonia in young cattle. Few studies have been made aiming detection of the virus in samples collected from adult animals, especially those asymptomatic bovines. However, it is assumed that infections in these groups may occur mostly asymptomatic and this would be an important mechanism for maintaining of BRSV in herds. In this study, the goal was to conduct an analysis of the occurrence of asymptomatic infections by BRSV in lung samples (n=68) and nasal swabs (209) taken from adult animals collected in abattoirs from Southern and Southeastern Brazil respectively, to detect via polymerase chain reaction the occurrence of infected animals in populations of adult cattle. The samples that resulted positive (6) on RT-PCR were subsequently subjected to cutting with restriction enzymes and sequencing for genetic characterization (2 samples). All samples belongs to subgroup B of BRSV, which is reported as the one circulating in Brazil. The results obtained demonstrate that BRSV may be present in samples taken from adult animals, which is in agreement the hypothesis that infections in adults run in a sub-clinical way that may be of importance as a maintenance mechanism of the virus in bovine herds.3111961966Almeida, R.S., Spilki, F.R., Roehe, P.M., Arns, C.W., Detection of Brazilian bovine respiratory syncytial virus strain by a reverse transcriptase- nested-polymerase chain reaction in experimentally infected calves (2005) Vet. Microbiol., 105, pp. 131-135Antonis, A.F.G., Claassen, E.A.W., Hensen, E.J., Groot, R.J.D., Groot-Mijnes, J.D.F.D., Schrijver, R.S., Van Der Most, R.G., Kinetics of antiviral C D8 T cell responses during primary and post-vaccination secondary bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection (2006) Vaccine, 24, pp. 1551-1561Arns, C.W., Campalans, J., Costa, S.C.B., Domingues, H.G., D'Arce, R.C.F., Almeida, R.S., Characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus is olated in Brazil (2003) Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 36, pp. 213-218Beaudeau, F., Björkman, C., Alenius, S., Frössling, J., Spatial patterns of Bovine Corona Virus and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the Swe dish beef cattle population (2010) Acta Vet. Scand., , Article 52Brodersen, B.W., Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (2010) Vet. Clin. North Am., Food Anim. Pract., 26, pp. 323-333De Jong, M.C.M., Van Der Poel, W.H.M., Kra mps, J.A., Brand, A., Van Oirschot, J.T., Quantitative investigation of population persistence and recurre nt outbreaks of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on dairy farms (1996) Am. J. Vet. Res., 57, pp. 628-633Domingues, H.G., Campalans, J., Almeida, R.S., Coswig, L.T., Arns, C.W., Dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay as an alternative technique for the d etection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antibodies (2002) Vet. Res., 33, pp. 397-404Duncan Jr., R.B., Potgieter, L.N.D., Antigenic diversity of respiratory syncytial viruses and its implication for immunoprophylaxis in ruminants (1993) Vet. Microbiol., 37, pp. 319-341Easton, A.J., Domachowske, J.B., Rosenberg, H.F., Animal pneumoviruses: Molecular genetics and pathogenesis (2004) Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17, pp. 390-412Ellis, J.A., Update on viral pathogenesis in BRD (2009) Animal Health Research Reviews/Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, 10, pp. 149-153Furze, J., Wertz, G., Lerch, R., Taylor, G., Antigenic heterogeneity of the attachment protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (1994) J. General Vi rol., 75, pp. 363-370Gershwin, L.J., Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection: Immunopathogenic mechanisms (2007) Animal Health Research Reviews/Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, 8, pp. 207-213Gershwin, L.J., Berghaus, L.J., Arnold, K., Anderson, M.L., Corbeil, L.B., Immune mechanisms of pathogenetic synergy in concurrent bovine pulmonary infection with Haemophilus somnus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (2005) Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 107, pp. 119-130Gershwin, L.J., Dungworth, D.L., Himes, S.R., Friebertshauser, K.E., Immunoglobulin E responses and lung pathology resulting from aerosol exposure of calves to respiratory syncytial virus and Micropolyspora faeni (1990) Int. Archs Allergy Appl. Immunol., 92, pp. 293-300Gershwin, L.J., Gunther, R.A., Hornof, W.J., Larson, R.F., Effect of infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus on pulmonary clearance of an inhaled antigen in calves (2008) Am. J. Vet. Res., 69, pp. 416-422Gulliksen, S.M., Jor, E., Lie, K.I., Løken, T., Åkerstedt, J., ØsterÅs, O., Respiratory infections in Norwegian dairy calves (2009) J. Dairy Sci., 92, pp. 5139-5146Hägglund, S., Hjort, M., Graham, D.A., Öhagen, P., Törnquist, M., Alenius, S., A six-year study on respiratory viral infections in a bull testing facility (2007) Vet. Journal, 173, pp. 585-593Hägglund, S., Svensson, C., Emanuelson, U., Valarcher, J.F., Alenius, S., Dynamics of virus infections involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex in Swedish dairy herds (2006) Vet. Journal, 172, pp. 320-328Kalina, W.V., Anderson, M.L., Gershwin, L.J., Alternaria aerosol during a bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection alters the severity of subsequent re -infection and enhances IgE production (2006) Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 29, pp. 138-156Larsen, L.E., Tjørnehøj, K., Viuff, B., Jensen, N.E., Uttenthal Å, Diagnosis of enzootic pneumonia in Danish cattle: Reverse transcription- -polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in naturally and experimentally infected cattle (1999) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 11, pp. 416-422Larsen, L.E., Uttenthal, A., Arctander, P., Tjørnehøj, K., Viuff, B., Røntved, C., Rønsholt, L., Blixenkrone-Møller, M., Serological and genetic c haracterisation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) indicates that Danish isolates belong to the intermediate subgroup: No evidence of a selective effect on the variability of G protein nucleotide sequence by prior cell culture adaption and passages in cell culture or calves (1998) Vet. Microbiol., 62, pp. 265-279Nettleton, P.F., Gilray, J.A., Caldow, G., Gidlow, J.R., Durkovic, B., Vilcek, S., Recent isolates of Bovine respiratory syncytial virus from Britain are more closely related to isolates from USA than to earlier British and current mainland European isolates (2003) J. Vet. Med. B, 50, pp. 196-199Paccaud, M.F., Jacquier, C., A Respiratory syncytial virus of bovine origin (1970) Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, 30, pp. 327-342Schrijver, R.S., Daus, F., Kramps, J.A., Langedijk, J.P.M., Buijs, R., Middel, W.G.J., Taylor, G., Van Oirschot, J.T., Subgrouping of bovine re spiratory syncytial virus strains detected in lung tissue (1996) Vet. Microbiol., 53, pp. 253-260Schrijver, R.S., Langedijk, J.P.M., Middel, W.G.J., Kramps, J.A., Rijsewijk, F.A.M., Van Oirschot, J.T., A bovine respiratory syncytial virus strain with mutations in subgroup-speciic antigenic domains of the G protein induces partial heterologous protection in cattle (1998) Vet. Microbiol., 63, pp. 159-175Schrijver, R.S., Langedijk, J.P.M., Van Der Poel, W.H.M., Middel, W.G.J., Kramps, J.A., Van Oirschot, J.T., Antibody responses against the G and F proteins of bovine respiratory syncytial virus after experimental and natural infections (1996) Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 3, pp. 500-506Spilki, F.R., Almeida, R.S., Domingues, H.G., D'Arce, R.C.F., Ferreira, H.L., Campalans, J., Costa, S.C.B., Arns, C.W., Phylogenetic relation ships of Brazilian bovine re spiratory syncytial virus isolates and molecular homology modeling of attachment glycoprotein (2006) Virus Res., 116, pp. 30-37Spilki, F.R., de Almeida, R.S., Arns, C.W., Antibody responses in mice after immunization with inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus using different adjuva nts (2010) Cîncia Rural, 40, pp. 2332-2337Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M., Kumar, S., MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0 (2007) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, pp. 1596-1599Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Higgins, D.G., (2002) Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW and Clustal X, , Current Protocols in Bioinformatics/Editoral Board, Andreas D. Baxevanis... [et al.] Chapter 2Tippmann, H.F., Analysis for free: comparing programs for sequence analysis (2004) Brieings in Bioinformatics, 5, pp. 82-87Uttenthal, A., Larsen, L.E., Philipsen, J.S., Tjørnehøj, K., Viuff, B., Nielsen, K.H., Nielsen, T.K., Antibody dynamics in BRSV-infected Danish dairy herds as determined by isotype-speciic immunoglobulins (2000) Vet. Microbiol, 76, pp. 329-341Valarcher, J.F., Schelcher, F., Bourhy, H., Evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (2000) J. Virology, 74, pp. 10714-10728Valarcher, J.F., Taylor, G., Bovine respir atory syncytial virus infection (2007) Vet. Res., 38, pp. 153-180Valentova, V., Antonis, A.F.G., Kovarcik, K., Restriction enzyme a nalysis of RT-PCR amplicons as a rapid method for detection of genetic diversity among bovine respira tory syncytial virus isolates (2005) Vet. Microbiol., 108, pp. 1-12Van der Poel, W.H., Mourits, M.C., Nielen, M., Frankena, K., Van Oirschot, J.T., Schukken, Y.H., Bovine respiratory syncytial virus reinfections and decreased milk yield in dairy cattle (1995) Vet. Quarterly, 17, pp. 77-81Van Der Poel, W.H.M., Langedijk, J.P.M., Kramps, J.A., Middel, W.G.J., Brand, A., Van Oirschot, J.T., Serological indication for persistence of bovine respiratory syncyti al virus in cattle and attempts to detect the virus (1997) Archs Virology, 142, pp. 1681-1696Vilcek, S., Elvander, M., Ballagi-Pordany, A., Belak, S., Development of nested PCR assays for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in clinical samples (1994) J. C lin. Microbiol., 32, pp. 2225-223
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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