6 research outputs found
Panteizm ve Kötülük Problemi
Get PDFPantheism is a broad and multifaceted philosophical and religious worldview that asserts the identity of God and nature. It lacks a single, universally accepted definition. Throughout history, pantheistic elements have appeared in various Eastern and Western philosophical and religious traditions, and the system was particularly developed and formalized by philosophers such as Spinoza. In pantheism, God is not considered separate from the universe; rather, God is viewed as identical with nature and existence itself. Accordingly, concepts such as unity, immanence, monism, and determinism are central to pantheistic thought.
Although pantheism is sometimes perceived as akin to theism, it fundamentally differs by rejecting the notion of God as a being endowed with will, knowledge, and power. In the context of the problem of evil, pantheism offers explanations that diverge significantly from theistic interpretations.
The problem of evil centers on the question of how the existence of evil can be reconciled with the existence of God. Within theism, this problem poses a challenge to God’s goodness, omnipotence, and justice. In pantheism, however, the issue is addressed differently, since God is not a personal or volitional being. One of the most fundamental criticisms of pantheism relates to its monistic structure: the identification of God with nature implies that evils are inherent within God or God\u27s nature, potentially rendering God "evil." Another significant criticism is pantheism’s commitment to determinism, which denies the existence of free will and thereby undermines the basis for human moral responsibility.
Pantheists such as Spinoza regard good and evil as relative constructs, arising from human cognition and ignorance. From this perspective, evil is merely a label assigned by humans to certain events based on their perceived self-interest, and it lacks objective reality. The universe operates according to laws of necessity; everything occurs as it must. Consequently, free will is considered an illusion, and neither humans nor God can act otherwise. This deterministic view raises serious questions about the possibility of moral accountability.
The pantheistic notion that evil is merely an illusion has been subject to several philosophical critiques. First, it is argued that the theory is internally inconsistent. If evil is unreal, then the illusion that conceals the pure and untainted goodness of everything must itself be regarded as a form of evil—thus, evil would exist. This means the claim that evil is unreal implies its own falsity. Secondly, the pantheistic view is said to contradict common human experience. The claim that evil is an illusion appears counterintuitive when confronted with real-life tragedies. For instance, it is clearly unreasonable to suggest to a grieving mother who lost her child in an earthquake that her suffering is merely illusory. A third critique concerns the undermining of moral foundations. Denying the existence of evil is sometimes described as the worst possible moral claim, as the pantheistic view, by failing to distinguish between good and evil, effectively erases the basis of moral values. Lastly, critics argue that pantheism renders worship and religious devotion meaningless. While pantheism allows for reverence toward nature or the divine unity, it excludes any personal relationship with God, such as prayer, worship, or divine-human interaction.Panteizm, Tanrı ile doğanın özdeş olduğunu savunan hem dinî hem felsefi yönleri bulunan, tek bir tanımı olmayan geniş ve çok yönlü bir düşünce sistemidir. Tarih boyunca Doğu ve Batı’daki çeşitli felsefelerde ve dinlerde panteist unsurlar görülmüş, özellikle Spinoza gibi filozoflar tarafından sistematik hâle getirilmiştir. Panteizmde Tanrı evrenden ayrı düşünülmediği gibi Tanrı’nın, doğa ve evrenin kendisi olduğu düşünülür. Bu bağlamda panteizmde birlik, içkinlik, monizm ve determinizm gibi kavramlar ön plandadır.
Panteizm zaman zaman teizme yakın görülse de Tanrı’nın irade, bilgi ve kudret sahibi bir varlık olarak kabul edilmemesi, onu teizmden ayırır. Kötülük problemi bağlamında panteizm, teistik anlayıştan farklı açıklamalar sunar.
Kötülük problemi, özellikle Tanrı’nın varlığı ile kötülüğün nasıl bağdaştırılabileceği sorusunu içerir. Bu sorun teizmde, Tanrı’nın iyiliği, kudreti ve adaletiyle çelişen bir mesele olarak görülürken; panteizmde bu durum, farklı bir biçimde ele alınır çünkü panteizmde Tanrı, zat ve irade sahibi bir varlık değildir. Panteizme yöneltilen en temel eleştiri onun monist yapısıdır. Buna göre, Tanrı ve doğanın özdeşliği, kötülüklerin doğrudan Tanrı’da veya doğasında yer alması anlamına gelir ve bu Tanrı’yı “kötü” kılabilir. Diğer bir eleştiri ise onun determinizmi savunmasıdır. Bu düşünce temelde özgür iradeye yer vermediği için insanın ahlaki eylemlerinden sorumlu tutulamamasına yol açar.
Spinoza gibi panteistler, iyi ve kötüyü insan zihninin ve bilgisizliğinin ürünü olan göreli kavramlar olarak görür. Ona göre kötülük, evrendeki olaylara insanın kendi çıkarı açısından verdiği bir isimden ibarettir ve nesnel bir gerçekliği yoktur. Evren, zorunluluk yasalarına göre işler; her şey olması gerektiği gibi olur. Bu durumda özgür irade de bir illüzyondur ve dolayısıyla insan ve Tanrı “başka türlü davranamaz.” Bu determinist yaklaşım, insanın ahlaki sorumluluğunu da sorgulatır.
Panteist düşüncenin kötülüğün illüzyon olduğu teorisine bazı eleştiriler yapılmıştır. İlk olarak, teorinin kendi içinde çelişkili olduğu söylenebilir. Buna göre, eğer kötülük gerçek değilse o zaman her şeyin hakiki ve bozulmamış iyiliğini bizden saklayan yanılsamanın (illüzyon) kendisi de kesinlikle bir kötülük olarak görülmelidir ki bu durumda, kötülük gerçektir. Burada kötülüğün gerçek dışı olduğu tezi, kendi yanlışlığını ima eder. Bir diğer eleştiri ise, panteist teorinin genel tecrübelere aykırı olmasıdır. Kötülüğe ilişkin bu iddia gerçek hayatta yaşadığımız ya da karşılaştığımız durumları göz önüne aldığımızda sezgilere aykırı görünmektedir. Mesela, aklı başında bir kimsenin açlıktan veya şiddetli bir depremde göçük altından çocuğu ölen bir anneye aslında bunun bir illüzyon olduğunu söylemesinin zor olduğu açıktır. Üçüncü bir eleştiri ise ahlaki eylemlerin temelini sarstığı şeklindedir. Kötülüğün olmadığını söylemenin söylenecek en kötü şey olduğu iddia edilir. İyi ve kötüyü birbirinden ayırmayan panteist düşüncenin nihayetinde değerlerin ayrımını da ortadan kaldırdığı açık bir şekilde görünür. Son eleştiri ise ibadetleri anlamsız hâle getirmesidir. Panteist düşüncede, Doğa’ya veya ilahi Birliğe saygı gösterilmesine olanak sağlanırken ibadete, duaya veya Tanrı ile insan arasındaki herhangi bir kişisel ilişkiye yer olmadığı açıktır
What are the Leadership and Management Positions in Medical Education? A Scoping Review
No full text<p><strong>Dataset Info</strong></p>
<p><strong>1) <strong>Supplementary Material</strong></strong></p>
<p># The first row of the dataset identifies the columns.<br># The first column represents the article IDs.<br># The second column represents the titles of the articles.<br># The third column represents the authors of the articles.<br># The fourth column represents the years the articles were published.<br># The fifth column represents the country of the corresponding author.<br># The sixth column represents the type of study conducted.<br># The seventh column represents the positions identified from that article.<br># The eighth column represents the discipline researched in that article.<br># The ninth column represents the context of the article.</p>
Investigation of harmful algae in Izmir Bay for the 30 years
No full textMarine pollution, which has been seen for the recent years in cities with a coast that industrializes day by day, was also seen in Izmir, the third most populous city of Turkey. After the destruction of Ragip Pasa jetty and especially the completion of the Grand Canal Project, the improvement in the gulf is increasing day by day. In Izmir Bay, which is one of the most fertile areas of the Aegean Sea, excessive algae growth is occasionally observed. In this study, 360 quantitative and 1080 qualitative samples were obtained during the monitoring projects carried out jointly by Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, Dokuz Eylul University Marine Sciences and Technology Institute and Ege University Faculty of Fisheries between 1990-2016 were examined. The distribution of the 2 dominant major classes Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were investigated. In addition to the species that produce toxins such as DSP, ASP and PSP into the marine environment, species that do not contain any toxins but cause adverse conditions in the environment by mass-formation were investigated.Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology of Dokuz Eylul UniversityThis study was carried out by examining the plankton samples obtained from the Izmir bay monitoring projects organized by the Izmir Metropolitan Municipality and the Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology of Dokuz Eylul University on a seasonal basis every year between 19902016. The author participated in the expeditions under the Expedition coordinator Prof.Dr. Bulent Cihangir and Res. Ass. Dr. Erkan Demirkurt and collected both quality and quantity samples carried out sedimentations, microscope studies, entered the counting results and species lists on computer and presented them to Prof.Dr. Tufan Koray approved and carried out statistical work results seasonally 4 times each year. Phytoplankton section of the projects. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatma Colak Sabanci contributed to the identification of species with a microscope (1997-2008) and sample collection (1998-2000). The faculty's project coordinators, Prof.Dr. Mesut Onen (1990-2004) and Assoc. Prof.Dr. Fevzi Kirkim (2004-2016) added all the other sections into the project and transferred them to Dokuz Eylul University Marine Sciences and Technology Institute project managers (Prof. Dr. Huseyin Avni Benli, Prof. Dr. Bulent Cihangir, and Prof. Dr. Filiz Kucuksezgin). I would like to thank all the staff above who contributed to the realization of this work
“Evaluation of the effects of pioglitazone on perivascular adipose tissue function, properties and structure in a rat model of type-2 diabetes.”
Get PDFPerivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes, such as regulation of vascular tone. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of pioglitazone on functional, structural, and biochemical properties of PVAT in an experimental model of type-2 diabetes (T2DM). T2DM was induced by high-fat-diet/low-dose-streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) in rats, and pioglitazone (20mg/kg/p.o.) was administered for 6 weeks. Changes in biochemical parameters, PVAT-mass, vascular-reactivity in thoracic-aorta as well as PVAT adipocytokine and PPARG-expression levels, and histopathology were evaluated. Pioglitazone administration improved blood glucose and lipid profiles in T2DM. Pioglitazone did not change the anticontractile effect of PVAT on aortic contractile reactivity and besides, had no influence on endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation responses. Pioglitazone administration increased PVAT-mass and TNF-α levels while adiponectin, leptin, and IL-6 levels were unchanged. Also, a prominent increase was observed in PPARG-expression in T2DM-Pio group. Moreover, pioglitazone decreased liver steatosis, aortic wall thickening and myocardial damage whereas increased adipocyte size and adiposity in PVAT. Overall, pioglitazone treatment changed the mass and in part the inflammatory profile of PVAT but did not modify vasoreactivity in T2DM. This study provides novel findings in relationship with the adipogenic effect of pioglitazone and PVAT function.The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
In silico validation of the autoinflammatory disease damage index
Get PDFIntroduction Autoinflammatory diseases can cause irreversible tissue damage due to systemic inflammation. Recently, the Autoinflammatory Disease Damage Index (ADDI) was developed. The ADDI is the first instrument to quantify damage in familial Mediterranean fever, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, mevalonate kinase deficiency and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome. The aim of this study was to validate this tool for its intended use in a clinical/research setting. Methods The ADDI was scored on paper clinical cases by at least three physicians per case, independently of each other. Face and content validity were assessed by requesting comments on the ADDI. Reliability was tested by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using an â observer-nested-within-subject' design. Construct validity was determined by correlating the ADDI score to the Physician Global Assessment (PGA) of damage and disease activity. Redundancy of individual items was determined with Cronbach's alpha. Results The ADDI was validated on a total of 110 paper clinical cases by 37 experts in autoinflammatory diseases. This yielded an ICC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.78 to 0.89). The ADDI score correlated strongly with PGA-damage (r=0.92, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.95) and was not strongly influenced by disease activity (r=0.395, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.55). After comments from disease experts, some item definitions were refined. The interitem correlation in all different categories was lower than 0.7, indicating that there was no redundancy between individual damage items. Conclusion The ADDI is a reliable and valid instrument to quantify damage in individual patients and can be used to compare disease outcomes in clinical studies. © 2018 Author(s) (or their employer(s)
Nationwide prospective audit for the evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults: Right iliac fossa treatment (RIFT) - Turkey
No full textBackground: Appendicitis is the most prevalent surgical emergency. The negative appendicectomy rate and diagnostic uncertainty are important concerns. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of current appendicitis risk prediction models in patients with acute right iliac fossa pain. Methods: A nationwide prospective observational study was conducted, including all consecutive adult patients who presented with right iliac fossa pain. Diagnostic, clinical and negative appendicectomy rate data were recorded. The Alvarado score, Appendicitis Inflammatory Response (AIR), Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis (RIPASA) and Adult Appendicitis Score systems were calculated with collected data to classify patients into risk categories. Diagnostic value and categorization performance were evaluated, with use of risk category-based metrics including 'true positive rate' (percentage of appendicitis patients in the highest risk category), 'failure rate' (percentage of patients with appendicitis in the lowest risk category) and 'categorization resolution' (true positive rate/failure rate). Results: A total of 3358 patients from 84 centres were included. Female patients were less likely to undergo surgery than men (71.5% versus 82.5% respectively; relative risk 0.866, 95% c.i. 0.834 to 0.901, P 0.001); with a three-fold higher negative appendicectomy rate (11.3% versus 4.1% respectively; relative risk 2.744, 95% c.i. 2.047 to 3.677, P 0.001). Ultrasonography was utilized in 56.8% and computed tomography in 75.2% of all patients. The Adult Appendicitis Score had the best diagnostic performance for the whole population; however, only RIPASA was significant in men. All scoring systems were successful in females patients, but Adult Appendicitis Score had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value. The RIPASA and the Adult Appendicitis Score had the best categorization resolution values, complemented by their exceedingly low failure rates in both male and female patients. Alvarado and AIR had extremely high failure rates in men. Conclusion: The negative appendicectomy rate was low overall, but women had an almost three-fold higher negative appendicectomy rate despite lower likelihood to undergo surgery. The overuse of imaging tests, best exemplified by the 75.2% frequency of patients undergoing computed tomography, may lead to increased costs. Risk-scoring systems such as RIPASA and Adult Appendicitis Score appear to be superior to Alvarado and AIR. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of BJS Foundation Ltd.Tibbi Akademi
