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Innate immune responses of Alternaria toxins in vitro: Receptor activation and modulation of signal transduction
Get PDFIntroduction: Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria) and pose a significant concern in the realm of food safety, occupational and public health. Exposure (i.e. inhalation, dermal, ingestion) to mycotoxins in agriculture and industrial settings such as compound feed mills, farming, and animal husbandry is prevalent and an occupational health concern. Certain mycotoxins have been described to be immunosuppressive by inhibiting the triggering effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the NF-κB-signaling pathway, that is necessary to engage the immune system.
Objective: This study investigates the immunotoxic effects and inflammasome activation of Alternaria toxins—specifically Alternariol (AOH) and Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)—in an in vitro model using engineered HEK-293 Toll-Like Receptor (TLR2 & TLR4) and IL-1β reporter cells, as well as THP-1 cells.
Methods: Experimental parameters involve exposing THP-1 cells and HEK-293 reporter cells encompassing HEK null, TLR2, and TLR4, and HEK IL-1β, HEK Null 1v cells to varying concentrations of mycotoxins (i.e., AOH- 30, 6, 1.2, 0.24 µM; AME- 10, 2.5, 0.625, 0.156 µM), with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO 0.1%) as vehicle control. A TLR2 ligand LTA and LPS for TLR4, and THP-1, were used to activate the response/signaling pathway. Assessment methods include alamar-Blue for cell viability and QuantiBlue assays for detecting and quantifying SEAP activity, that serves as a reporter for NF-κB activation. Levels of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β secretion are measured by ELISA. Bioactive IL-1β is measured by the HEK IL-1β inflammasome assay, and qPCR is used to quantify the gene expression of IL-1β.
Result: LPS and LTA activation of TLR receptors led to an increase in the NF-κB signal. However, combination exposure of LPS and LTA with mycotoxins reduced the increased NF-κB signal in both receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) for both mycotoxins (AOH and AME). AOH and AME also reduced the secretion and gene expression of the key pro-inflammatory cytokine IL- 1β in the inflammasome THP-1/IL-1β assay, when co-exposed to LPS. Some effect of exposure to LPS/LTA and mycotoxins on the cell viability was also seen though no dose-dependent significant reduction was apparent.
Conclusion: The results indicate an immunomodulating effect of AOH and AME mycotoxins on LPS- or LTA-induced activation of TLR via the downstream NF-κB signaling pathway. This study highlighted the need for improved monitoring and control of these mycotoxins to ensure the safety of food supply and protect the health of people related to agriculture and food industry
Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health (Archives of Toxicology, (2024), 98, 2, (425-469), 10.1007/s00204-023-03636-8)
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.In this article the affiliation details for Authors Anne Straumfors and Solveig Krapf were incorrectly given as ‘Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway’ but should have been ‘National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway’. Furthermore, the affiliation details for Authors Eszter Borsos and Francesco Crudo were incorrectly given as “Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria”, but should have been “Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria”.publishersversionpublishe
Author Correction: Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health(Correction: Archives of Toxicology, (2023), 98, (425–469), 10.1007/s00204-023-03636-8)
No full text35133514In this article the affiliation details for Authors Anne Straumfors and Solveig Krapf were incorrectly given as ‘Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway’ but should have been ‘National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway’. Furthermore, the affiliation details for Authors Eszter Borsos and Francesco Crudo were incorrectly given as “Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria”, but should have been “Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria”.981
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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