1,721,205 research outputs found
Letter with attachment: David Singer to Ida M. Tarbell, December 21, 1932
No full textLetter with report on Ida M. Tarbell's "New Ideals in Business
Singer David Drallet.
No full textSinger David Drallet.To order a reproduction, inquire about permissions, or for information about prices see:
http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/services/reproduction/reproduction
Please cite the Order NumberScanned at 600ppi with an Epson 20000 flatbed scanner. Image then rotated, cropped, level-adjusted, and sharpened using Photoshop CS3. Converted to a JPEG2000 image upon ingest into CONTENTdm
Large, but Dispersal‐Limited Populations of the Marsh Fritillary Euphydryas aurinia Persist on Abandoned Military Training Areas Three Decades After the End of the Cold War
No full textABSTRACT Military training areas can host important biodiversity, due to the preservation of diverse, nutrient‐poor historical cultural landscapes and an insect‐friendly disturbance regime. In Europe, many training areas were abandoned after the end of the cold war in 1991 and the withdrawal of the Allied and Soviet forces. Many of these are now protected areas, and current management strategies vary from rewilding to active habitat management such as grazing or mowing. In a capture–release–recapture approach, marking 2418 individuals, we assessed the population size and movement patterns of the dry ecotype of the Marsh Fritillary Euphydryas aurinia Rottemburg 1775 on three former military training areas in Germany that varied in size and management (natural succession, mowing, and sheep‐/goat grazing). Euphydryas aurinia is a rare and declining butterfly species listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive. Jolly–Seber models revealed a large population of ca. 19,000 individuals on the largest study site and a smaller population at a second site, whereas recapture rates were too low to predict the population size reliably at a third site. Population densities were 190–194 butterflies ha −1 at the unmanaged, large site and 56–71 butterflies ha −1 at a smaller site grazed with sheep. Thirty‐nine percent of the recapture events occurred within the same 1‐ha‐study plot. The average minimum flight distance between the study plots was 313 m for males and 328 m for females. The maximum lifetime flight distance was 1237 m within 3 days. No dispersal was detected between study sites. Thirty years after cessation of the military use, the large former training site still held what likely is one of the largest populations of the species dry ecotype in Central Europe, including in areas where management ceased already in 1991. This suggests remarkable persistence of the species in areas without regular management, contrary to current opinion. However, regular flight distances seem not to be sufficient to connect the isolated habitat patches. It remains unknown how long the large population at the abandoned military area will persist without active habitat management. Careful, but active habitat management and restoration of habitat connectivity should thus be considered.Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 202
Habitat use of Bechstein’s Bat (Myotis bechsteinii) and woodpeckers reveals the importance of old-growth features in European beech forests
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Exchange Rate Proclamations and Inflation-Fighting Credibility
No full textIf governments choose economic policies that often run counter to their public commitments, are those commitments meaningless? We argue that government proclamations can be critical in signaling economic policy intentions. We focus on the realm of exchange rate policy, in which countries frequently implement an exchange rate regime that differs from the officially declared regime. We argue that the official exchange rate regime is one of the most important signals of a government's economic policy preferences. When a government makes a de jure public commitment to a fixed exchange rate, it sends a signal to domestic and international markets of its strict monetary-policy priorities. In contrast, a government that proclaims a floating exchange rate signals a desire to retain discretion over monetary policy, even if it has implemented a de facto fixed rate. We use data on 110 developed and developing countries from 1974 to 2004 to test two hypotheses: first, that governments that adopt de facto fixed exchange rates will experience less inflation when they back up their actions with official declarations; and second, that governments that abide by their commitments—as demonstrated by a history of following through on their public declarations of a fixed exchange rate regime—will establish greater inflation-fighting credibility. Within developing countries, democratic institutions enhance this credibility. Results from fixed-effects econometric models provide strong support for our hypotheses.Yale University (MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Diel and seasonal vocal activity patterns revealed by passive acoustic monitoring suggest expert recommendations for breeding bird surveys need adjustment
No full textAbstract Species identification and recording in breeding bird surveys vastly rely on the registration of avian calls and songs. Despite comprehensive expert knowledge on species-specific activity patterns, data-based analyses of vocal activity patterns are lacking. Recent advances in passive acoustic monitoring allow the direct measurement of bird vocal activity at very high temporal resolution. We conducted a comprehensive survey, recording 25,000 h of audio data at 256 forest sites in Lower Saxony, Germany, to investigate vocal activity patterns of the European forest bird community. Our results reveal a high degree of inter-specific variability in seasonal and diel vocal activity patterns, including strong circular patterns along the day–night cycle and a significant seasonal component. Comparing acoustic detectability to species-specific survey recommendations revealed critical temporal discrepancies for 64.2% of species, and standard protocols (sunrise to 4 h after sunrise) showed discrepancies for 41.5% of species. This highlights the potential for temporal survey optimization to reduce imperfect detection and increase accuracy and precision. Emphasis should be given to the hours before and after sunrise and also sunset for sampling less detectable species. Combining observer-based surveys with passive acoustic monitoring might leverage the strengths of both methods. Our results also emphasize the potential of continuous recording schedules in passive acoustic monitoring to capture diverse temporal patterns. This study provides a baseline for future research on vocal activity patterns across habitats, throughout the year, and regarding anthropogenic impacts. Our findings may raise awareness among ornithologists about the sources of variation in acoustic detectability and its implications for breeding bird surveys, highlighting potential for methodological adjustments in survey timing and consequences for carful interpretation of bird surveys.Zusammenfassung Tageszeitliche und saisonale Muster der Gesangs- und Rufaktivität mitteleuropäischer Waldvogelarten, erfasst durch passives akustisches Monitoring, deuten auf Anpassungsbedarf zeitlicher Expertenempfehlungen für Brutvogelerfassungen hin. Brutvogelerfassungen basieren maßgeblich auf der Registrierung von Vogelrufen und -gesängen. Trotz umfassendem Expertenwissen über artspezifische Aktivitätsmuster sind datenbasierte Analysen akustischer Aktivitätsmuster bislang nur selten durchgeführt worden. Fortschritte im Bereich des passiven akustischen Monitorings (PAM) ermöglichen inzwischen jedoch die direkte Messung der Gesangs- und Rufaktivität von Vogelgemeinschaften mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung. In einer umfassenden Untersuchung haben wir 25.000 Stunden Audiomaterial an 256 Waldstandorten in Niedersachsen (Deutschland) aufgezeichnet und mittels BirdNET ausgewertet, um die akustischen Aktivitätsmuster mitteleuropäischer Waldvogelarten zu untersuchen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen ein hohes Maß an interspezifischer Variabilität in saisonalen und tageszeitlichen Aktivitätsmustern. Ein Vergleich der akustischen Nachweisbarkeit durch PAM mit artspezifischen Expertenempfehlungen offenbarte kritische zeitliche Diskrepanzen bei 64,2% der Arten; bei den Empfehlungen für standardisierte Erfassungen ganzer Brutvogelgemeinschaften (Sonnenaufgang bis vier Stunden danach) traten Diskrepanzen bei 41,5% der Arten mit der akustischen Nachweisbarkeit mittels PAM auf. Insbesondere artspezifische Erfassungen können somit zeitlich optimiert werden, um Erfassungsgrad und Genauigkeit von Brutvogelerfassungen zu erhöhen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk sollte auf die Stunde vor sowie eine Stunde nach Sonnenaufgang sowie auf den Zeitraum um den Sonnenuntergang gelegt werden, um zu diesen Zeitpunkten schwerpunktmäßig aktive Arten besser zu erfassen. Die Kombination von beobachterbasierten Erhebungen mit passivem akustischem Monitoring könnte die Stärken beider Methoden vereinen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen zudem das Potenzial kontinuierlicher Aufnahmeschemata im passiven akustischen Monitoring um die Vielfalt zeitlicher Aktivitätsmuster im Tages- und Nachtverlauf optimal zu erfassen. Diese Studie liefert eine Grundlage für zukünftige Forschung zu akustischen Aktivitätsmustern in verschiedenen Lebensräumen, über das gesamte Jahr hinweg oder im Hinblick auf anthropogene Einflüsse. Unsere Erkenntnisse können das Bewusstsein für die (tages)zeitliche Variabilität in der akustischen Nachweisbarkeit – insbesondere auch von häufigen Arten – und die Notwendigkeit einer kritischen Interpretation der Vollständigkeit von Brutvogelerfassungen schärfen sowie Hinweise für eine Optimierung zeitlicher Vorgaben für Brutvogelerfassungen geben.Abstract Species identification and recording in breeding bird surveys vastly rely on the registration of avian calls and songs. Despite comprehensive expert knowledge on species-specific activity patterns, data-based analyses of vocal activity patterns are lacking. Recent advances in passive acoustic monitoring allow the direct measurement of bird vocal activity at very high temporal resolution. We conducted a comprehensive survey, recording 25,000 h of audio data at 256 forest sites in Lower Saxony, Germany, to investigate vocal activity patterns of the European forest bird community. Our results reveal a high degree of inter-specific variability in seasonal and diel vocal activity patterns, including strong circular patterns along the day–night cycle and a significant seasonal component. Comparing acoustic detectability to species-specific survey recommendations revealed critical temporal discrepancies for 64.2% of species, and standard protocols (sunrise to 4 h after sunrise) showed discrepancies for 41.5% of species. This highlights the potential for temporal survey optimization to reduce imperfect detection and increase accuracy and precision. Emphasis should be given to the hours before and after sunrise and also sunset for sampling less detectable species. Combining observer-based surveys with passive acoustic monitoring might leverage the strengths of both methods. Our results also emphasize the potential of continuous recording schedules in passive acoustic monitoring to capture diverse temporal patterns. This study provides a baseline for future research on vocal activity patterns across habitats, throughout the year, and regarding anthropogenic impacts. Our findings may raise awareness among ornithologists about the sources of variation in acoustic detectability and its implications for breeding bird surveys, highlighting potential for methodological adjustments in survey timing and consequences for carful interpretation of bird surveys.Zusammenfassung Tageszeitliche und saisonale Muster der Gesangs- und Rufaktivität mitteleuropäischer Waldvogelarten, erfasst durch passives akustisches Monitoring, deuten auf Anpassungsbedarf zeitlicher Expertenempfehlungen für Brutvogelerfassungen hin. Brutvogelerfassungen basieren maßgeblich auf der Registrierung von Vogelrufen und -gesängen. Trotz umfassendem Expertenwissen über artspezifische Aktivitätsmuster sind datenbasierte Analysen akustischer Aktivitätsmuster bislang nur selten durchgeführt worden. Fortschritte im Bereich des passiven akustischen Monitorings (PAM) ermöglichen inzwischen jedoch die direkte Messung der Gesangs- und Rufaktivität von Vogelgemeinschaften mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung. In einer umfassenden Untersuchung haben wir 25.000 Stunden Audiomaterial an 256 Waldstandorten in Niedersachsen (Deutschland) aufgezeichnet und mittels BirdNET ausgewertet, um die akustischen Aktivitätsmuster mitteleuropäischer Waldvogelarten zu untersuchen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen ein hohes Maß an interspezifischer Variabilität in saisonalen und tageszeitlichen Aktivitätsmustern. Ein Vergleich der akustischen Nachweisbarkeit durch PAM mit artspezifischen Expertenempfehlungen offenbarte kritische zeitliche Diskrepanzen bei 64,2% der Arten; bei den Empfehlungen für standardisierte Erfassungen ganzer Brutvogelgemeinschaften (Sonnenaufgang bis vier Stunden danach) traten Diskrepanzen bei 41,5% der Arten mit der akustischen Nachweisbarkeit mittels PAM auf. Insbesondere artspezifische Erfassungen können somit zeitlich optimiert werden, um Erfassungsgrad und Genauigkeit von Brutvogelerfassungen zu erhöhen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk sollte auf die Stunde vor sowie eine Stunde nach Sonnenaufgang sowie auf den Zeitraum um den Sonnenuntergang gelegt werden, um zu diesen Zeitpunkten schwerpunktmäßig aktive Arten besser zu erfassen. Die Kombination von beobachterbasierten Erhebungen mit passivem akustischem Monitoring könnte die Stärken beider Methoden vereinen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen zudem das Potenzial kontinuierlicher Aufnahmeschemata im passiven akustischen Monitoring um die Vielfalt zeitlicher Aktivitätsmuster im Tages- und Nachtverlauf optimal zu erfassen. Diese Studie liefert eine Grundlage für zukünftige Forschung zu akustischen Aktivitätsmustern in verschiedenen Lebensräumen, über das gesamte Jahr hinweg oder im Hinblick auf anthropogene Einflüsse. Unsere Erkenntnisse können das Bewusstsein für die (tages)zeitliche Variabilität in der akustischen Nachweisbarkeit – insbesondere auch von häufigen Arten – und die Notwendigkeit einer kritischen Interpretation der Vollständigkeit von Brutvogelerfassungen schärfen sowie Hinweise für eine Optimierung zeitlicher Vorgaben für Brutvogelerfassungen geben
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