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Penataan Tenurial Dan Peran Para Pihak Dalam Mewujudkan Legalitas Dan Legitimasi Kawasan Hutan Negara.
No full textKarakteristik hutan negara sebagai common pool resources (CPRs) memerlukan pengaturan yang efektif agar memiliki kepastian hukum kepemilikan dan penguasaan serta memiliki legitimasi. Di Indonesia, kepastian hukum dan legitimasi itu diperoleh melalui proses pengukuhan kawasan hutan yang penyelenggaraannya diserahkan kepada Panitia Tata Batas (PTB). Sampai saat ini, proses itu masih memiliki kinerja rendah dan kurang berkualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan opsi pengukuhan kawasan hutan yang mampu menghasilkan kawasan hutan yang berkualitas, yang dijabarkan menjadi tujuan khusus, yaitu: (1) menganalisis penyebab rendahnya kinerja pengukuhan kawasan hutan dalam mencapai kepastian hukum (legalitas) dan faktor-faktor yang mengakibatkan hasil pengukuhan kawasan hutan belum memiliki legitimasi; (2) menganalisis kontestasi aktor yang terjadi dalam proses pengukuhan kawasan hutan; dan (3) merumuskan opsi peningkatan kinerja pengukuhan kawasan hutan dalam mewujudkan kawasan hutan yang berkualitas. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di wilayah kerja BPKH Wilayah XII Tanjungpinang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam (indepth interview), pengamatan terlibat dan review dokumen. Narasumber penelitian adalah PTB ditambah dengan narasumber lain sebagai informan kunci yang ditentukan secara snowball. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan strategi tipologi menggunakan kerangka kerja IAD Ostrom (2005) yang didukung dengan analisis isi (content analysis) (Bungin 2001), analisis stakeholder (Reed et al 2009) dan analisis tumpang susun (overlay) peta penetapan kawasan hutan dengan peta tutupan lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengukuhan kawasan hutan yang dikerjakan PTB selama ini telah disederhanakan menjadi sekedar persoalan hukum yang dapat diatasi hanya dengan pendekatan legalistik-formal yang dikonstruksi oleh kekuasaan. Kelembagaan pengukuhan kawasan hutan belum mampu menghadirkan kepastian kepemilikan dan penguasaan lahan di tingkat tapak sehingga masyarakat membentuk lembaga sendiri yang justru lebih diakui lembaga lokal (local institution), misalnya jual beli lahan antar masyarakat dan penerbitan surat keterangan kepemilikan tanah oleh kepala desa/lurah. Anggota PTB yang terlibat belum mencerminkan aksi kolektif (collective action). Individu yang terlibat dalam pengukuhan kawasan hutan tidak memiliki interest yang tinggi untuk memastikan keberhasilannya karena hasil tata batas tidak memiliki implikasi dan dampak kepada masing-masing individu. Dengan kata lain, pengambilan keputusan dalam pengukuhan kawasan hutan tidak berdampak pada individu. Organisasi PTB adalah organisasi teknis, namun diberikan mandat (mandatory) untuk menyelesaikan persoalan sosial dan politik kurang relevan. Kegiatan tata batas merupakan urusan pilihan dalam tugas pokok dan fungsi masing-masing pihak yang terlibat, sehingga keberhasilannya tergantung insentif. Beberapa hal tersebut mengakibatkan aksi PTB lebih mengejar penyelesaian teknis dan administrasi. iv Kelembagaan pengukuhan kawasan hutan tidak terfasilitasi dengan baik karena ada dua kekuatan (power) tidak dalam kerangka menghasilkan tata batas yang berkualitas, namun lebih mengedepankan kepentingan. Dua kekuatan tersebut adalah ketua (Bupati) dengan kekuatan legitimate power dan coercive power dan BPKH dengan kekuatan legitimate power, expert power dan akses sumber daya lainnya (pembiayaan, teknologi dan informasi). Sementara unsur anggota lainnya (Dishut provinsi, Dishut kabupaten, unsur Bappeda, unsur BPN, camat dan kepala desa/kepala lurah) hanya berperan sebagai subjects (aktor marjinal) karena perannya telah diambil alih oleh Bupati yang memiliki kekuatan memaksa (power to coerce). Dalam kelembagaan pengukuhan kawasan hutan, kekuatan tersebut telah menyebabkan munculnya Conflict of Interest (CoI). Akibatnya, tata batas tidak linear dengan legalitas, bahkan dengan legitimasi. Arena aksi menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi situasi aksi yang memperlihatkan partisipan (Bupati dan BPKH) menggunakan sumber daya yang dimiliki (kuasa, anggaran, pengetahuan) secara penuh dan itu melampaui keseimbangan peran organisasi PTB yang dibentuk sehingga melemahkan peran anggota PTB lainnya. Kondisi demikian ini tidak memecahkan persoalan klaim lahan, sebaliknya cenderung berorientasi menyelesaikan masalah-masalah administrasi dan legalitas semata. Aturan main (rule of the game) antara lain P. 47/Menhut-II/2010 belum terbangun norma, nilai dan sanksi sehingga aturan tersebut minim tanggung jawab yang pada akhirnya memunculkan perilaku oportunistik. Aturan tersebut juga belum efektif mengarahkan PTB berinteraksi, sehingga membuka ruang tata batas dilakukan sepihak. Aturan main lainnya yaitu P.44/Menhut-II/2012 jo. P.62/Menhut-II/2013 yang secara tidak langsung mensyaratkan pemenuhan sekumpulan hak (bundle of rights) untuk menyelesaikan persoalan klaim sangat mustahil karena persoalan klaim dan hak-hak masyarakat lokal didominasi oleh bukti hak tidak tertulis berupa historis kultural kepemilikan dan pengakuan oleh institusi lokal (local institution) yaitu siapa yang pertama kali membuka lahan, maka dialah sebagai pemiliknya. Beberapa temuan tersebut, pada akhirnya menyimpulkan bahwa kelembagaan pengukuhan kawasan hutan dengan kebijakan memberikan tugas dan kewenangan kepada PTB menyelesaikan kepastian hukum dan mengurusi legitimasi kawasan hutan diduga tidak akan efektif, bahkan cenderung akan gagal. Oleh karena itu, kelembagaan pengukuhan kawasan hutan memerlukan pembaharuan. Pembaharuan itu meliputi: (1) pemisahan tugas antara legalitas sebagai asas pembuktian hukum dan legitimasi sebagai pengakuan; (2) menghadirkan lembaga pengelola di tingkat tapak untuk mengurusi legitimasi; (3) memfasilitasi kekuatan (power) untuk menghindari munculnya Conflict of Interest (COI); dan (4) memperbaiki kelembagaan pengukuhan kawasan hutan dengan memperbaiki regulasi, nilai dan norma, budaya kognitif dan moral aktor yang terlibat seperti diutarakan oleh Scot (2001). Keberhasilan lembaga pengukuhan kawasan hutan untuk memastikan penguasaan dan kepemilikan hutan negara sebagai CPRs dapat diwujudkan apabila berhasil menata tenurial kawasan hutan yang akan dikukuhkan dan memperbaiki peran para pihak yang menyelenggarakan tata batas kawasan hutan.**
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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