3,797 research outputs found
External interventions and the duration of civil wars
No full textThe authors combine an empirical model of external intervention, with a theoretical model of civil war duration. Their empirical model of intervention allows them to analyze civil war duration, using"expected"rather than"actual"external intervention as an explanatory variable in the duration model. Unlike previous studies, they find that external intervention is positively associated with the duration of civil war. They distinguish partial third-party interventions that extend the length of war, from multilateral"peace"operations, which have a mandate to restore peace without taking sides - and which typically take place at war's end, or at least when both sides have agreed to a cease-fire. In a future paper, the authors will examine whether partial third-party interventions - whatever their effect on a war's duration - increase the risk of war's recurrence. If that proves true, then even if interventions reduce the length of civil war, they may do so at the cost of further destabilizing the political system, and sowing the seeds of future rebellion.Children and Youth,Peace&Peacekeeping,Post Conflict Reconstruction,Post Conflict Reconstruction,International Affairs,Post Conflict Reconstruction,Social Conflict and Violence,Peace&Peacekeeping,Post Conflict Reconstruction,International Affairs
Talmudic Quotations in Nicholas of Lyra's Postilla Literalis
No full textThe Postilla literalis super totam Bibliam, written by Nicholas of Lyra (France, 1270- 1349) is remarkable for the extensive use of texts and oral traditions of Jewish origin made by its author. This paper deals with the place of the Talmud among the Jewish sources cited in the Postilla. For Nicholas the Talmud was a new doctrine invented by the Jews sometime in their past but believed to be divine and to be given to Moses in Sinai. When reading Nicholas' Postilla, one finds many citations from medieval Jewish sources, but very few excerpts from the Talmud except as polemic with the purpose of ridiculing and disproving them. It appears that Nicholas avoided direct Talmudic citations within the Postilla, likely due to the hostile attitudes prevalent specifically toward the Talmud within the Christian world he inhabited
Salt Lake City Police Department-Personnel P.27
No full textImage of Patrolman Thomas Simpson, Salt Lake City Police Department. Donor: Nicholas G. Morgan
Introduction: A Framework for Assessing Climate Security
No full textThis chapter introduces the book, Climate Security in the Anthropocene—Exploring the Approaches of United Nations Security Council Member-States. Climate change is increasingly positioned as a security issue. A number of influential governance actors including states, international organisations, and civil society groups now connect climate change to a variety of security threats such as armed conflict, disasters, low socio-economic development, and fragile governing institutions. These threat perceptions have translated into political action and have led to the formation of a complex constellation of governance actors in response. In particular, over the past fifteen years both permanent and non-permanent member-states of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) have been instrumental in constructing and responding to climate security threats. This introductory chapter presents the overall aim of the book, which is to analyse whether the concept of security has shifted over time with respect to climate change, and if so, how these shifts have occurred in state practices. It begins by tracing the evolution of climate security in academic scholarship and in the UNSC. It then presents the theoretical framework of the book, which distinguishes between three ideal-types of climate security: national security, human security, and ecological security. It concludes by outlining the methodology of the book, which is comprised of fifteen case study chapters that explore the various ways in which member-states that sat on the UNSC between 2018 and in 2020 constructed and responded to climate security threats
Language Understanding in the Wild: Combining Crowdsourcing and Machine Learning
No full textSocial media has led to the democratisation of opinion sharing. A wealth of information about public opinions, current events, and authors’ insights into specific topics can be gained by understanding the text written by users. However, there is a wide variation in the language used by different authors in different contexts on the web. This diversity in language makes interpretation an extremely challenging task. Crowdsourcing presents an opportunity to interpret the sentiment, or topic, of free-text. However, the subjectivity and bias of human interpreters raise challenges in inferring the semantics expressed by the text. To overcome this problem, we present a novel Bayesian approach to language understanding that relies on aggregated crowdsourced judgements. Our model encodes the relationships between labels and text features in documents, such as tweets, web articles, and blog posts, accounting for the varying reliability of human labellers. It allows inference of annotations that scales to arbitrarily large pools of documents. Our evaluation shows that by efficiently exploiting language models learnt from aggregated crowdsourced labels, we can provide up to 25% improved classifications when only a small portion, less than 4% of documents has been labelled. Compared to the six state-of-the-art methods, we reduce by up to 67% the number of crowd responses required to achieve comparable accuracy. Our method was a joint winner of the CrowdFlower - CrowdScale 2013 Shared Task challenge at the conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing (HCOMP 2013)
Author(s): Ezra Brown and Nicholas Loehr Source
No full textJSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . Why is PSL(2, 7) = GL(3, 2)? Mathematical Association of America Ezra Brown and Nicholas Loehr 1. INTRODUCTION. The groups of invertible matrices over finite fields are among the first groups we meet in a beginning course in modern algebra. Eventually, we find out about simple groups and that the unique simple group of order 168 has two representations as a group of matrices. And this is where we learn that the group of 2x2 unimodular matrices over a seven-element field, with / and -/ identified, is isomorphic to the group of invertible 3x3 matrices over a 2-element field. In short, it is a fact that PSL(2, 7) = GL(3, 2). Many of us are surprised by this fact: why should a group of 2 x 2 matrices with mod-7 integer entries be isomorphic to a group of 3 x 3 binary matrices? There are a number of proofs of this remarkable theorem. Dickson [1, p. 303] gives a proof based on his general theorem giving uniform sets of generators and relations for the family of groups SL(2, q), where q is any prime power. One checks that the relations appearing in Dickson's presentation of PSL(2, 7) are satisfied by certain generators of GL(3, 2), implying that these groups have the same presentations and are therefore isomorphic. Dummit and Foote [2, show that every simple group of order 168 is necessarily isomorphic to the automorphism group Aut(.F) of the Fano plane T. They then show that Aut(^) = GL(3, 2) and that PSL(2, 7) is a simple group of order 168; the isomorphism theorem follows. Rotman gives the result as an exercise [5, Exercise 9.26, p. 281]. A hint is to begin with a simple group G of order 168 and use the seven conjugates of a Sylow 2-subgroup P of G to construct a sevenpoint projective plane; the proof is similar to Dummit and Foote's proof. Jeurissen [4] proves the result by showing that both PSL(2, 7) and GL(3, 2) are subgroups of index 2 of the automorphism group of a Coxeter graph. Elkies The aim of this paper is to give a proof that PSL(2, 7) = GL(3, 2) that is elementary in the sense that it uses neither simplicity, nor projective geometry, nor block designs. We will not prove the fact that any two simple groups of order 168 are isomorphic, nor will we use this fact in our proof. What makes our proof work is that: (a) we can identify GL(3, 2) with the set of invertible F2-linear transformations on the finite field with eight elements; (b) 7 = 23 -1; (c) the nonzero squares mod 7 are precisely the powers of 2 mod 7; (d) squaring mod 2 is additive (the Freshman's Dream); and (e) the mapping k h+ -i/k mod 7 translates to a bit-switch mod 2 -which is linear. We begin by giving functional descriptions for both groups, determining their sizes
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Nicholas and Anna Ricco Ethics Awards
No full textThis paper was awarded a Nicholas and Anna Ricco Ethics Award for 2013. In this paper, the author discusses the "Triple-P" domains of ethical behavior: (1) the understanding of privacy ethics, (2) regards to piracy and plagiarism, and (3) pilfering and profiteering
Characterization and structure in the development of Tudor comedy
No full textThe role of characterization in dramatic structure is assessed by theoretical criteria.
Characters who perform actions necessary for the completion of the narrative sequence are
said to be "bound" to the narrative; those without such obligations are "free". Characters
who maintain a single, constant meaning during the course of a play are said to be "static";
characters who change or develop into new roles are "dynamic". Horatian decorum
demanded that comic characters be static, and the characters of Plautine and Terentian
tradition were almost always bound to narrative intrigue. However, evaluations of six
Tudor comedies show an increasing use of non-classical characterization within the comic
form.
In the early comedies lohan lohan and Roister Doister all characters are bound and
static, yet the impetus to enlarge the role of characterization is evident. The characters of
lohan lohan are expanded from their French source, and Roister Doister includes
extraneous episodes in which Udall displays his braggart hero. Free characters abound in
Misogonus; as well the play brings dynamic characterization into the scope of comedy with
the conversion of its prodigal son.
Free characters offer new possibilities of non-narrative plotting. In comedies of the
1580s favourite traditional characters appear as diversions outside the action, and thematic
arrangements of characters inform the increasingly complex plots. Lyly stresses the
symbolic potential of characters in Endimion, whereas Greene uses dynamic
characterization to heighten the illusion of independent figures in Friar Bacon and Friar
Bungay. Love's Labour's Lost exposes the limitations of comic artifice by pulling the
characters between convention and individualization.
By the end of the sixteenth century free and dynamic characters had become
common, and characterization had established a sizable claim on the design of English
comedy. These developments set the English form apart from its neoclassical counterparts
sj-docx-1-cre-10.1177_02692155211063554 - Supplemental material for A pilot economic evaluation of a feasibility trial for SUpporting wellbeing through PEeR-Befriending (SUPERB) for post-stroke aphasia
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-cre-10.1177_02692155211063554 for A pilot economic evaluation of a feasibility trial for SUpporting wellbeing through PEeR-Befriending (SUPERB) for post-stroke aphasia by Flood Chris, Behn Nicholas, Marshall Jane, Simpson Alan, Northcott Sarah, Thomas Shirley, Goldsmith Kimberley, McVicker Sally, Mireia Jofre-Bonet and Hilari Katerina in Clinical Rehabilitation</p
The Watchman in the Vineyard: Historical Traces of Judicial and Punitive Practices in Lincoln
No full textThe theme and content of this edited book first took shape at an international conference I co-organised at the University of Lincoln in November 2009. Bringing together eminent architects, philosophers, criminologists, judges, lawyers, urban designers and geographers, the conference provided a unique platform for debating some of the key issues about the role of architecture in the deliberations of justice in both a contemporary and historical contexts. The significance of the conference, and subsequent publication of selected papers, was underlined by Baroness Vivien Stern (international authority on criminal justice and author of the Forward to this book) who recognized the uniqueness of the initiative in bringing together for the first time both academics and practitioners with diverse interests in the field of justice. The setting of Lincoln for the conference was not without significance. Famous for its majestic cathedral, the city is also noted for its medieval castle which was used as a prison, containing one of the last remaining chapels used under the so-called ‘Pentonville’ (or isolation) system. A special visit to the castle was organised as part of the two day event. My chapter in this volume draws upon this aspect of Lincoln’s history, by examining the topographical and political relationships between castle and cathedral in Lincoln. It develops from an ongoing research project on Lincoln Cathedral and its symbolic and topographical significance (originally published as a chapter in my book, Disclosing Horizons: Architecture, Perspective and Redemptive Space – Routledge 2007). In this paper, however, I examine the judicial and punitive practices in the ‘upper town’ of the city from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. The study highlights how these practices were closely allied to jurisdictional claims of both castle (bailey) and cathedral (minster close), that variously defined territorially the implementation of canon and civil law
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