48 research outputs found
The Salmond Lecture
No full textIn his lecture Professor Simpson places John Salmond's jurisprudential books, his First Principles of Jurisprudence and his Jurisprudence text book within both the context of the English text book tradition and the more specific context of the English tradition of the general jurisprudence book. Having pointed out that Salmond’s major text book was indeed written for students, Professor Simpson examines Salmond’s explanation of judicial reasoning and whether it can differentiated from other modes of thought. While ultimately Professor Simpson suggests that John Salmond's account of legal thought is not complete, he concludes that it can be favourably compared with other attempts to resolve the question. In particular, Professor Simpson contrasts John Salmond and his contemporaries’ efforts favourably with the efforts of the prominent Oxford legal philosopher HLA Hart. For his own part, Professor Simpson ultimately considers that perhaps there is not so much special about legal thinking when compared to other processes of rational decision making in everyday practical affairs. 
How Amsterdam got fiat money
No full textWe investigate a fiat money system introduced by the Bank of Amsterdam in 1683. Using data from the Amsterdam Municipal Archives, we partially reconstruct changes in the bank's balance sheet from 1666 through 1702. Our calculations show that the Bank of Amsterdam, founded in 1609, was engaged in two archetypal central bank activities—lending and open market operations—both before and after its adoption of a fiat standard. After 1683, the bank was able to conduct more regular and aggressive policy interventions, from a virtually nonexistent capital base. The bank's successful experimentation with a fiat standard foreshadows later developments in the history of central banking.
'Private Property and Abuse of Rights in Victorian England' by Michael Taggert: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002, xxiv + 235 pp., hbk £45.
No full textWhen it comes to placing "leading" cases in their legal, social, and cultural context, few can match AWB Simpson. One familiar with Simpson's works will know the feeling Michael Taggart must have felt when he discovered that the case which formed the background of his research - 'Bradford Corporation v Pickles' - had already been discussed by Simpson in a Selden Society Lecture in 1994. Fortunately for all, it was recognised that Simpson's discussion of the case only scratched the surface, and, as editor of the Oxford Studies in Modern Legal History, he encouraged the author to continue his research. The result is an excellent study of a well-known and controversialcase, one that both explains the decision in its various contexts and, at a more general level, makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of what is generically called "the common law method"
Anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking (AWB)-associated vertical wind shear anomalies, 1979-2019
No full textThis repository comprises data generated for the study "Winter Rossby Wave Breaking Persistence in Extended-range Seasonal Forecasts of Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity" (Jones et al. 2021). The repository includes:
i) The first four leading modes of tropical Atlantic vertical wind shear (seasonal);
ii) Six-hourly (0Z, 6Z, 12Z, 18Z), monthly and seasonal indices of vertical wind shear anomalies associated with the downstream edge of anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking (AWB) detected over the North Atlantic region (20-40N, 100-5W);
iii) An index of subtropical zonal wind anomalies projected against the correlation pattern between the second leading mode of July-September tropical Atlantic vertical wind shear and the January-March 200 hPa zonal wind field.
The reanalysis dataset used is the ECMWF ERA-5 Reanalysis dataset. The wave breaking detection algorithm used to generate this index is outlined in Papin et al. (2020) and calculation of the AWB-associated shear is outlined in Jones et al. (2020). The data captures the main drivers (both tropical and subtropical) of summer tropical Atlantic vertical wind shear and is used in our study to quantify the added skill in extended-range statistical forecasts of tropical cyclone activity. For the original scripts that produced the archived indices, please contact the author at [email protected] or [email protected]
Usage of Electronic Transport Documentation in Air Transportation
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada elektroonse lennuveodokumendi kasutusulatus ja mõju ning saavutada tulemused ülevaatiku pildi kuvamise läbi Eesti lennundussektoris tegutsevates ekspedeerimisettevõtetes. Autor seadis hüpoteesi, et elektroonse lennuveodokumendi asemel kasutatakse suuremas osas paberil lennuveodokumente. Lennutranspordis on palju erinevaid osapooli ning seetõttu esimeses peatükis kirjeldas autor Tallinna Lennujaama ja seal tegutsevaid kaubakäitlemis ettevõtteid, kes on lennutranspordi üks lahutamatu osa. Lisaks on kirjeldatud ka Eestis loodud ja hetkel kasutusel olev platvorm, mis ühendab transpordi erinevaid osapooli, et andmete edastamine ja kättesaamine oleks kiire ja mugav. Järgnevalt on välja toodud lennutranspordi hetkeseis ja transpordi korraldamiseks vajalikud dokumendid. Täpsemalt kirjeldas autor lennuveokirju ehk AWB-d. Samuti on välja toodud IATA andmetel põhinev ülevaade elektroonsete veokirjade kasutusest maailma lennunduses. Töö viimases kuid põhiosas on küsitlusel, intervjuul ja PEST-analüüsil põhinev analüütiline uurimustöö osa. Küsitluse läbi viimiseks koostati valim Eesti lennukaupade ekspedeerimisettevõtetest, et saada ülevaade e-AWB kasutusest Eestis, näitamaks kui arenenud on lennukaubatranspordi sektor. Küsimustik viidi läbi ajavahemikus 15.04 kuni 05.05 ja sellele vastas 8 ekspedeerimisettevõtet, kelle hulgas on nii pika kui ka lühema kogemustepagasiga ettevõtteid. Küsitlusele vastasid järgnevad ettevõtted: • CF&S Estonia AS, • Flameko Forwarding OÜ, • DSV Estonia AS, • Kühne + Nagel AS, • ACE Logistics Estonia AS, • ETS Logistics OÜ, • East-West Shipping Agency OÜ, • Schenker AS Küsitlusest selgus, et ekspedeerijaid hindavad oma ettevõtte tehnoloogilist arengut heaks kuid ollakse ka seisukohal, et süsteeme ja programme tuleb uuendada. Samas takistab ettevõtete tehnoloogilist ja digitaalset arengut lennuliinide ja teiste riikide seniselt kehv IT areng ning seda just AWB digitaliseerimises. Senini Eestis tegutsevatest lennuliinidest kasutatakse elektroonseid veokirju põhiliselt 3 lennuliiniga. Võrdluseks võib tuua, et IATA mitmepoolse e-AWB lepinguga, mille alusel antakse nõusolek e-AWB kasutamiseks, on liitunud 8 lennuliini. E-AWB mõjusid hinnatakse positiivselt ja nähakse, et sellega säästetakse ja hoitakse keskkonda ning samuti muudetakse koguveoprotsess mugavamaks, kiiremaks ja optimaalsemaks. Elektroonse veokirja kasutust saab suurendada ainult siis kui suudetakse lennuliine mõistma panna, et tuleb arendada ka väikeste sihtkohtade, nagu Tallinn, andmevahetuse ühendusi. Autor on lõputööga saavutanud ülevaate ekspedeerijate ja lennuliinide omavahelisest andmevahetusest tuues välja kitsaskohad ja probleemid e-AWB kasutamisel ning on seeläbi täitnud sissejuhatuses püstitatud eesmärgi toetades uurimisküsimustele läbi terve uurimistöö. Antud lõputöö tulemused on ülevaatlikud neile, kes soovivad näha probleeme e-AWB kasutusel ning ka selle mõjusid. Ühtlasi on see sisend Tallinna Lennujaamale väärtuse loomiseks, kui tegeleda töös välja toodud murekohtadega.The subject of the present thesis is Usage of Electronic Transport Documentation in Air Transportation. The research problem of this thesis is that the use of an electronic airline document (e-AWB) is not the most used AWB type, it is preferred to use paper-based documents. The purpose of the research is to clarify the scope and impact of an electronic air transport document. The main research questions are the following: • What is the necessity for use of e-AWB in air transport freight forwarding? • What is the share of e-AWB usage in the transport sector? • What is the impact of using e-AWB? Based on the questions asked, the author wants to give an overview regarding the processes and efficienct usage of e-AWB, and its problems. In the first half of the paper the author describes Tallinn Airport, its cargo handling companies and air cargo documents. The author also highlights the most important points of using electronic Air Waybills in the world. In the second half of the thesis, there is an analytical part of the survey conducted among selected freight forwarding companies. This approach creates a complete image of the process of using electronic transport documents from freight forwarding companies, freight handling companies, and is an input for improving the value of problematic aspects at Tallinn Airport and freight forwarding. The author sees that the use of an electronic Air Waybill (e-AWB) is an important step for further development of the forwarding company and the entire transport sector. In September 2017 the International Air Transport Association (IATA) set the reach of e-AWB global target 68% for year 2018, which means that the legal framework for the use of e-AWB globally must be accoplished for 68% of the world's destinations. By the end of 2018, the target was exceeded by 1%, but against this achievement there is a downside - another goal, that 80% of all AWBs would be e-AWBs by the end of 2018, but actual numbers showed that only 60.1% were used by the end of December that year. The main part of this overview research is the survey which showed that freight forwarders appreciate the technological development of their company, but they also believe that systems and programs need to be upgraded constantly. At the same time the technological and digital development of paticipating companies is hindered by the poor IT development of airlines and other countries, especially by not accepting e-AWB. Freight forwarders mainly use only 3 airlines for using e-AWB in Estonia. By comparison, 8 airlines have signed the IATA Multilateral e-AWB agreement, which connects forwarders and airlines to use e-AWB. The effects of E-AWB are evaluated positively and are seen to save and maintain the environment and also makes the overall process more convenient, faster and more optimal for all parties. The use of an electronic transport document can only be increased if airlines understand the necessity of developing data exchange between forwarders faster than it has been so far. The thesis has provided an overview of the data exchange between freight forwarders and airlines, highlighting bottlenecks and problems with the use of e-AWB and thereby fulfilling the objective set out in the introduction based on research questions. The results of this graduation thesis are comprehensive for those who want to see the problems with e-AWB and its effects. It is also an input to create value for Tallinn Airport by addressing the concerns raised in the work
Use of digital transport documents in air transport between different parties
No full textAutori poolt antud töös oli vaadeldud kui palju kasutatakse lennukaubaveol elektroonilisi
saatedokumente ehk E-AWB ja mis põhjustel kasutatakse edasi paberkujul ehk AWB. Vaadeldud
sai tehnoloogilisi võimalusi mis aitaksid osapooltel endi süsteeme digitaliseerida ja olla valmis
kasutama elektroonilisi saatedokumente.
Töö teoreetilises osas toob autor välja olemasolevad saatedokumendid lennunduses. Toob välja
tehnoloogilised võimalused mis aitaksid paremini ettevõtetel süsteeme digitaliseerida ning võtta
kasutusele elektroonilised saatedokumendid. Teoorias räägitakse lähemalt mida aitab
digitaliseerimine ning mis ja kui kiiresti saavad infot tarnehaelas osapooled. Samuti kuidas on
mõjutanud pandeemia lennukaubavedu, digitaliseerimist ning tarneahelat.
Uurimustöö praktilise osa eesmärgiks oli teada saada palju kasutatakse E-AWB ja AWB ning mis
on takistused digitaalse saatedokumendi kasutamiseks ning pakkutavad lahendused.
Töö praktilises osas analüüsib autor ettevõtte poolt vastatud intervjuu küsimustele mis oli üles
ehitatud teooria teemade järgi. Mille järgi saab hinnata mis on hetkene seis lennnutranspordis E AWB ja AWB kasutamisel. Autor sai samuti vastatud küsitluses teada digitaalsete
saatedokumentide kasutamise takistustest ja lahendustest. Mis peaks aitama lennutranspordil minna
täielikult digitaalsete saatedokumentide kasutamise peale. Analüüsimise käigus sai hinnatud mis
süsteeme kasutavad hetkel ettevõtted ise ning kui digitaliseeritud nad on. Intervjuu käigus selgus
ühe ettevõtte käest, et nad on samuti digitaliseerinud oma süsteeme ja ühinenud mitme projektiga
mis aitas siis neil minna kahekümnest kastist täidetud paberdokumentidega kahe kasti peale.
Ettevõtted näevad väga palju kasu digitaliseerimisel kuid probleeme esineb just ekspordi suhtes.
Kuna mõned lennuliinid ja sihtriigid ei aktsepteeri ikka veel digitaalseid saatedokumente vaid
vajavad saatedokumente paberkandjal ning templit. Selleks tuleks teha muudatusi seaduse poole
pealt, tollis ning viia kurssi partnereid erinevate projektidega nagu One Record. Selleks, et terve
tarneahel oleks täielikult digitaliseeritud tuleks tarnehaelas info joosta kõikide osapoolte süsteemide
vahel kiiresti ja efektiivselt. Kuna hetkel puudub kõigil omi süsteeme integreerida teistega ja see
tekitab puuduliku info saadetise kohta. Sellepärast, et oleks võimalik teada saada kõike saadetiste
kohta süsteemist kiiresti ja seda saaksid kõik osapooled jälgida ning vajadusel informatsiooni edasi
saata.
38
Autori arvates on diplomitöö käigus püstitatud eesmärgid saavutatud ning ettepanekud E-AWB
kasutamiseks, digitaliseerimise takistused ja võimalikud lahendused toodud. Mis aitaksid ära
kaotada paberdokumentide kasutamise ning minna 100% üle digitaalsete saatedokumentide peale.
See aitaks tunduvalt parandada info edastust, näha saadetise kohta kogu infot, paindlik, läbipaistev
ning säästab palju aega.In the work given by the author, it was observed how much electronic accompanying documents or
E-AWB is used in air cargo transportation and for what reasons it is still used in paper form or
AWB. Technological possibilities to help the parties digitize their systems and be ready to use
electronic accompanying documents were considered.
In the theoretical part of the work, the author points out the existing accompanying documents in
aviation. Highlights technological opportunities that would help companies better digitize systems
and introduce electronic accompanying documents. The theory discusses in more detail what
digitization helps and how quickly the parties in the supply chain receive information. Also how the
pandemic has affected air freight, digitalization and the supply chain.
The practical part of the research aimed to find out the many uses of E-AWB and AWB and what
are the obstacles to using a digital accompanying document and the solutions offered.
In the practical part of the work, the author analyzes the interview questionnaire answered by the
company, which was structured according to the topics of the theory. From this, it is possible to
assess the current situation in the use of E-AWB and AWB in air transport. The author also found
out about the obstacles and solutions for the use of digital accompanying documents in the survey.
This should help air transport to switch completely to the use of digital accompanying documents.
The analysis assessed which systems are currently used by the companies themselves and how
digital they are. The interview revealed that one company had also digitized their systems and
joined several projects, which then helped them move from twenty boxes of paper documents to
two boxes. Companies see a lot of benefits from digitalization, but there are problems with exports.
As some airlines and destination countries still do not accept digital accompanying documents but
need paper accompanying documents and a stamp. To this end, changes should be made in the law,
and customs, and partners should be made aware of various projects such as One Record. For the
entire supply chain to be fully digitized, information in the supply chain should flow quickly and
efficiently between the systems of all parties. Because at the moment not everyone has their
systems to integrate with others and this creates incomplete information about the shipment.
Because it is possible to find out everything about shipments quickly from the system and to be able
to monitor and, if necessary, pass on information to all parties.
40
According to the author, the goals set during the diploma thesis have been achieved and proposals
for the use of E-AWB, obstacles to the digitization and possible solutions have been presented.
Which would eliminate the use of paper documents and switch to 100% digital accompanying
documents. This would greatly improve the transmission of information, see all the information
about the shipment, be flexible, transparent and save a lot of time
Role of Rossby wave breaking in the variability of large-scale atmospheric transport and mixing
No full text2017 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.We demonstrate that Rossby wave breaking (RWB) plays an important role in both horizontal and vertical large-scale transport/mixing in both observations and idealized general circulation models. In the horizontal direction, RWB contributes to a substantial fraction of transient moisture flux into the Arctic. In the vertical direction, RWB modifies thermal stratification near the tropopause which leads to enhanced mass exchange across the tropopause. In understanding the variability of RWB related transport and mixing, we show that it is essential to separate the two types of RWB – anticyclonic wave breaking (AWB) and cyclonic wave breaking (CWB) – for two fundamental differences between them. The first difference is the opposite relationship between jet positions and their frequencies of occurrence. For both horizontal transport of moisture into the Arctic and vertical mixing of ozone across the tropopause, the robust relationship between jet position and AWB/CWB frequency is of first order importance in explaining the large-scale transport/mixing anomaly patterns influenced by climate variabilities involving jet shifting, such as the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The second robust difference is the mixing strength exhibited by individual AWB and CWB events. In idealized lifecycle and climate simulations, as well as reanalysis data, CWB consistently exhibits stronger mixing strength than AWB. Combined with the robust relationship between jet variability and AWB/CWB frequency, such a difference is demonstrated to translate into a decrease in total upper troposphere diffusivity as the jet shifts poleward in an idealized climate simulation
An examination of the large-scale drivers of North Atlantic vertical wind shear and seasonal tropical cyclone variability
No full text2021 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.This dissertation characterizes and examines the large-scale sources of variability driving tropical North Atlantic deep-layer vertical wind shear (VWS). VWS is a key variable for the seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) activity and can be used to assess sources of predictability within a given season. Part 1 of the dissertation examines tropical versus subtropical impacts on TC activity by considering large-scale influences on boreal summer tropical zonal VWS variability, a key predictor of seasonal TC activity. Through an empirical orthogonal function analysis, I show that subtropical anticyclonic wave breaking (AWB) activity drives the second mode of variability in tropical zonal VWS, while El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) primarily drives the leading mode of tropical zonal VWS variability. Linear regressions of the four leading principal components against tropical North Atlantic zonal VWS and accumulated cyclone energy show that, while the leading mode holds much of the regression strength, some improvement can be achieved with the addition of the second and third modes. Furthermore, an index of AWB-associated VWS anomalies, a proxy for AWB impacts on the large-scale environment, may be a better indicator of summertime VWS anomalies. The utilization of this index may be used to better understand AWB's contribution to seasonal TC activity. Part 2 shows that predictors representing the environmental impacts of subtropical AWB on seasonal TC activity improve the skill of extended-range seasonal forecasts of TC activity. There is a significant correlation between boreal winter and boreal summer AWB activity via AWB-forced phases of the quasi-stationary North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Years with above-normal boreal summer AWB activity over the North Atlantic region also show above-normal AWB activity in the preceding boreal winter that forces a positive phase of the NAO that persists through the spring. These conditions are sustained by continued AWB throughout the year, particularly when ENSO plays less of a role at forcing the large-scale circulation. While individual AWB events are synoptic and nonlinear with little predictability beyond 8-10 days, the strong dynamical connection between winter and summer wave breaking lends enough persistence to AWB activity to allow for predictability of its potential impacts on TC activity. We find that the winter-summer relationship improves the skill of extended-range seasonal forecasts from as early as an April lead time, particularly for years when wave breaking has played a crucial role in suppressing TC development. Part 3 characterizes VWS variability within the Community Earth System Model version 1 Large Ensemble (CESM1-LE). The 35 historical runs of the CESM1-LE provide substantially larger samples of the environment and various large-scale drivers than the ERA5 reanalysis that spans 1979 to present. Firstly, ENSO is shown to be the leading mode of tropical Atlantic variability and explains most, if not all, of the structured variance. Secondly, while the CESM1-LE shows robust physical representations of known climate phenomena, their relationships with tropical Atlantic VWS remain marginal except for ENSO. Eigenanalysis applied to the CESM1-LE shows that the principal components are ill-defined and gives no distinct pattern for non-ENSO associated large-scale drivers. Thirdly, composite analyses show that despite the narrow range of VWS variability associated with non-ENSO large-scale drivers, their individual contribution to VWS is noticeably stronger during ENSO-neutral conditions as represented by the large ensemble
Regelcomplexiteit in de ruimtelijke ordening: Een verkenning aan de hand van twee casestudy's
No full textDe hoofdvraag van deze verkennende pilot study is de volgende vraag: Welke lessen kunnen worden geleerd van eerdere vereenvoudigingsoperaties in de ruimtelijke ordening? In het onderzoek staat de ruimtelijke ordening centraal. Deze kent een groei aan regelcomplexiteit sinds de inwerkingtreding van de WRO in 1965. Regels uit andere deelgebieden van het omgevingsrecht die doorwerken in de ruimtelijke ordening hebben aan deze regelcomplexiteit bijgedragen. Met name in de jaren negentig is daar de invloed van het EU-recht bijgekomen. Ook is van belang dat sinds 1976 tegen in beginsel alle besluiten in de ruimtelijke ordening beroep openstaat (tot 1994 deels bij de Kroon, sindsdien steeds bij de bestuurs rechter). Dat heeft tot een grote hoeveelheid jurisprudentie geleid, waarin de beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur een grote rol spelen. Sinds 1994 doet de Awb zijn invloed gelden. Het onderzoek richt zich op ontwikkelingen in het ruimtelijke ordeningsrecht van de jaren ‘60 tot nu. De Omgevingswet, die naar verwachting op 1 januari 2024 in werking zal treden, blijft daarom in dit onderzoek onbesproken. Dat geldt ook voor de Crisis- en herstelwet, voor zover daarbij vooruit wordt gelopen op de Omgevingswet. Door de ruimtelijke ordening centraal te stellen, krijgt het onderzoek een perspectief binnen het veelzijdige en breed uitwaaierende omgevingsrecht. Omdat de ruimtelijke ordening een centrale positie inneemt in het omgevingsrecht, biedt dit perspectief de mogelijkheid om de invloed van op elkaar inwerkende regelcomplexen te analyseren.Urban Development Managemen
