1,720,995 research outputs found
Algorithmic crime prevention. From abstract police to precision policing
Full text linkThe growing digitisation in our society also affects policing, which tends
to make use of increasingly refined algorithmic tools based on abstract
technologies. But the abstraction of technology, we argue, does not
necessarily entail an increase in abstraction of police work. This paper
contrasts the ‘abstract police’ debate with an analysis of police practices
that use digital technologies to achieve greater precision. While the
notion of abstract police assumes that computerisation distances police
officers from their community, our empirical investigation of a geoanalysis unit in a German Land Office of Criminal Investigation shows
that the adoption of abstract procedures does not by itself imply a
detachment from local reference and community contact. What we call
contextual reference can be productively combined with the
impersonality and anonymity of algorithmic procedures, leading also to
more effective and focused forms of collaboration with local entities.
On the basis of our empirical results, we suggest a more nuanced
understanding of the digitalisation of police work. Rather than leading
to a progressive estrangement from the community of reference, the
use of digital techniques can enable experimentation with innovative
forms of ‘precision policing’, particularly in the field of crime prevention
Vorhersagen und Entscheiden: Predictive Policing in Polizeiorganisationen
Full text linkIn the course of digitalisation, predictive algorithms are used in many
organisations. The article analyses the effects of this algorithmisation on decisions in the police taking the example of predictive policing. Under the term predictive policing, police organisations are increasingly using algorithms to forecast and prevent criminal behaviour. Based on the differentiation of two variants
of predictive policing software, which are characterised by a different degree of
opacity for their users, the article examines the effects of these algorithms on
central decision premises of police organisations: programmes, communication
channels and persons. The analysis enables an outlook on the consequences of
the future development of predictive software for the police as an organisation,
which we present in the conclusion: In vielen Organisationen kommen im Zuge der Digitalisierung
Algorithmen zum Einsatz, die Vorhersagen generieren. Dieser Beitrag analysiert
die Auswirkungen dieser Algorithmisierung auf Entscheidungen in der Polizei am
Beispiel von Predictive Policing. Unter Predictive Policing wird die zunehmende
Verwendung von Prognosesoftware zur Vorhersage und Prävention kriminellen
Verhaltens in Polizeiorganisationen verstanden. Ausgehend von der Differenzierung zweier Varianten polizeilicher Prognosesoftware, die sich durch einen
unterschiedlichen Grad an Verständlichkeit für deren Nutzer:innen auszeichnen,
untersucht der Beitrag die Auswirkungen dieser Algorithmen auf zentrale Entscheidungsprämissen polizeilicher Organisationen: Programme, Kommunikationswege und Personen. Die Analyse ermöglicht einen Ausblick auf die Folgen der
zukünftigen Entwicklung prädiktiver Software für die Polizei als Organisation, die
wir im Fazit darstellen
A Pandemic of Prediction: On the Circulation of Contagion Models between Public Health and Public Safety.
Full text linkDigital prediction tools increasingly complement or replace other practices of coping with
an uncertain future. The current COVID-19 pandemic, it seems, is further accelerating
the spread of prediction. The prediction of the pandemic yields a pandemic of prediction.
In this paper, we explore this dynamic, focusing on contagion models and their transmission
back and forth between two domains of society: public health and public safety. We
connect this movement with a fundamental duality in the prevention of contagion risk
concerning the two sides of being-at-risk and being-a-risk. Both in the spread of a disease
and in the spread of criminal behavior, a person at risk can be a risk to others and vice
versa. Based on key examples, from this perspective we observe and interpret a circular
movement in three phases. In the past, contagion models have moved from public health
to public safety, as in the case of the Strategic Subject List used in the policing activity of
the Chicago Police Department. In the present COVID-19 pandemic, the analytic tools
of policing wander to the domain of public health — exemplary of this movement is the cooperation
between the data infrastructure firm Palantir and the UK government’s public
health system NHS. The expectation that in the future the predictive capacities of digital
contact tracing apps might spill over from public health to policing is currently shaping
the development and use of tools such as the Corona-Warn-App in Germany. In all these
cases, the challenge of pandemic governance lies in managing the connections and the exchanges
between the two areas of public health and public safety while at the same time
keeping the autonomy of each
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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